Category: Blog

　　1 Definition of the connotation of the business environment of the International Trade Center

　　The International Trade Center is a unique regional development position of Shanghai, and the business environment associated with the construction of the International Trade Center has its own development rules and conditions of existence. Compared with general administrative regions, the business environment of the International Trade Center should adopt higher standards and stricter requirements in the evaluation dimensions of internationalization, rule of law and marketization. The construction of Shanghai’s international trade center should be built on the principle of competitive neutrality, pre-entry national treatment, intellectual property protection, labor standards upgrading, environmental standards upgrading, etc., to establish a set of initial alignment with the highest international standards of business environment evaluation system.

　　The business environment of the International Trade Center is a quantitative tool to measure and evaluate the development environment faced by all types of enterprises of all types within Shanghai.

First, the business environment is the sum of all external factors common to all types of enterprises.

Second, the business environment is a development environment and an important variable affecting the development of enterprises.

Third, business environment is a quantitative concept and a tool for measuring and assessing the development environment.

Fourth, the business environment is reflected in the form of indicators, and an accurate evaluation of the business environment is obtained by scoring the indicators.

　　Doing business is an institutional-level concept, and the business environment of the ITC is the sum of various institutional arrangements related to international trade activities. Cross-country empirical studies have demonstrated that institutions are critical to economic development and that stronger property rights protection with fewer policy distortions will make a country richer than others. In the World Bank study, Doing Business is broken down into eleven institutional indicators for starting a business, applying for a building permit, hiring employees, registering property rights, accessing credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading in and out of the country, contract enforcement, closing a business, and accessing electricity supply. It can be seen that the essence of optimizing the business environment is the reform and innovation of the institutional arrangement for doing business.

　　2 Problems and shortcomings of Shanghai’s business environment

　　2.1 Hidden obstacles in administrative approval and lack of detail control in post-event supervision

　　There are still some problems in the actual operation of Shanghai’s administrative approval system, mainly at the operational level and the administrative end. There are invisible obstacles in administrative approval, the efficiency of environmental assessment, safety assessment, social assessment and other preapproval is low, the grassroots clerical staff in the knowledge structure, policy level, work experience and other aspects do not match with the reform of the government supervision of the intermediate and post-event-oriented. The openness and transparency of administrative approval needs to be strengthened, and the application materials, waiting time limit, operation process, and informing commitment of administrative approval are still not specific and clear.

The development of district and county functionaries in e-government construction is relatively lagging behind, the prior notification of administrative approval content fails to achieve Internet operation, and enterprises are still trapped by information barriers when handling administrative approval in districts and counties. The lack of information sharing mechanism among district and county functional departments in handling administrative approval increases the time cost of enterprises. The internal regulations of window units are contrary to laws, regulations and the spirit of higher-level policies and documents, and fail to keep up with the times, which affects the “last mile” of administrative approval reform.

　　2.2 SMEs overly rely on government subsidies and lack market-oriented industrial policies

　　In terms of industrial policy, Shanghai SMEs rely excessively on government subsidies, without forming a market-oriented SME cultivation and growth mechanism. In the distribution of government subsidies, there is an imbalance between industries, sectors and regions, and there is a lack of special subsidies and guidance and incentive policies that are compatible with the development orientation of the international trade center.

The lack of a strong information dissemination channel for the application and distribution of government subsidies makes some non-public SMEs effectively excluded from the beneficiary group of subsidy projects. Various informal intermediaries are active between SMEs and government departments, providing advisory services and charging fees for enterprises to obtain subsidy funds, which reduces the efficiency of the use of financial funds. In addition, the lack of scientific and effective performance evaluation mechanism for various subsidy projects, project funds in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, demonstration project construction and other aspects of the leading role is weak.

　　2.3 Inter-regional tax system reform is not coordinated, and the sharing of tax benefits between levels is unreasonable

　　In the process of business reform, the reform of inter-regional taxation system has become uncoordinated. There are tax barriers between Shanghai and the neighboring regions of Yangtze River Delta in the sale and purchase of raw materials and semi-finished products, and the VAT invoices issued by Shanghai service industry enterprises cannot be deducted in the neighboring regions, which increases the operating costs of enterprises.

In the export tax rebate and other tax incentives, the share design among government levels is unreasonable, and the share of districts and counties is too large, which aggravates the mismatch between the financial resources and responsibilities of districts and counties. In terms of tax collection and management reform, after the abolition of tax administrators, enterprises feel that the service quality of taxation departments has decreased, the information channel between government and enterprises has been blocked, and the time cost of tax declaration for enterprises has increased. In terms of detailed control, Shanghai local taxation department still needs to make a breakthrough, and the lack of unification of tax registration number and taxpayer identification number affects the efficiency of enterprises in filing tax returns. After the reform of “three certificates in one”, there is still the phenomenon that the “single number” and taxpayer identification number are separated after the merger.

　　2.4 Tight land for construction in mega cities and mismatch of resources in the process of industrial import

　　With the change of economic structure and industrial upgrading, all districts and counties in Shanghai are generally in a tight situation of construction land, and manufacturing industries and productive service industries start to move to distant suburbs. In the process of industrial importation and transformation, there is a blind pursuit of high standards and high technology in the districts and counties, and a lack of differentiated industrial positioning. The development of productive service industries is subject to strong land constraints, and the construction of basic functional areas such as logistics parks is often excluded from the development planning of districts and counties. With the accelerating urbanization process, the industrial importation in the distant suburbs has entered a new stage of development.

At present, there is a mismatch between the imported population and the imported industries in the distant suburbs. The district and county levels want to improve the industrial capacity, while the structure of the imported population is complicated, with the higher quality part lacking the willingness to be employed in the distant suburbs and the lower quality part not being able to effectively support the district and county’s industrial upgrading goals.

　　2.5 High labor cost of enterprises and structural talent shortage restrict industrial transformation and upgrading

　　Influenced by the macroeconomic situation and industrial transfer trend, the labor cost of Shanghai enterprises is high, and the social security burden of SMEs is heavy. The high cost of living in the mega-city has, to a certain extent, curbed the inflow of high-quality talents and restricted the development of high-end industrial models such as headquarters economy. In the introduction of high-end talents, the city’s “Thousand Talents Program” and “Green Channel” mechanisms have played a certain role, but the household registration system needs to be improved in the policy of adding points for settlement, and it is more difficult to add points for economic and legal talents, which is not conducive to the development of foreign trade, finance, business The development of modern service industry such as foreign trade, finance, consulting, etc. There are still some problems in the interface between the household registration system and the residence permit system, and the grassroots departments and clerks have too much discretion in handling the “residence to household” process, which weakens the willingness of middle and high-end talents to settle. In addition, from the perspective of the construction target of the International Trade Center, there is an obvious structural shortage of talents in the city at this stage, with a lack of skilled workers, low salaries and unreasonable assessment mechanisms, which cannot meet the development needs of manufacturing enterprises. 　　

2.6 Business credit system is not sound, and the governance system can hardly meet the development of the four new economies

　　In recent years, Shanghai has made positive progress in the construction of social credit system, especially the construction and opening of the city’s public credit information service platform, which has laid a solid foundation for the public sharing of government public credit information. However, in comparison, the infrastructure of Shanghai’s business integrity system is relatively weak, and the problem of “siloing” and “fragmentation” of market credit information is particularly serious, and the government’s public credit information is basically separated from market credit information.

Therefore, on the one hand, the information support provided for the government department’s supervision is single and lagging behind; on the other hand, it is difficult for market players, especially platform enterprises, to use the government public credit information in their own management in a timely and accurate manner, and the public lacks a fast and convenient channel to obtain comprehensive credit evaluation information about market players.

　　3 Policy Suggestions for Optimizing Business Environment in Shanghai

　　3.1 Optimize the evaluation mechanism of government subsidized projects and establish a business development guidance fund

　　Standardize the enterprise subsidy projects of municipal departments and district and county governments, develop scientific and effective performance evaluation mechanisms for subsidy projects, and engage third parties to participate in performance evaluation. For the overall poor performance of the subsidy project, adjust its use direction and operating mechanism. To gradually reduce the dependence of SMEs on government subsidies, improve the marketability of subsidy projects, and try to provide advice from banks, insurance, trusts and other professional institutions to determine the winning enterprises of subsidy projects.

Establish a business development guidance fund, with the Municipal Commission of Commerce responsible for the formation and management of the fund, in the form of a mother fund with several sub-funds, operated by state-owned or private professional investment institutions, allowing social capital to obtain investment returns on a priority basis, in order to encourage active participation of social capital and improve the leverage ratio of financial funds.

　　3.2 Strengthen the supervision in and after the event, and explore the differentiated development of government departments’ supervisory responsibilities

　　Strengthen the supervision in and afterwards, optimize the supervision process, enrich the supervision means, and distinguish the difference of responsibilities of functional departments with different attributes in supervision. Gradually weaken the responsibilities of the Economic and Information Commission, the Commerce Commission, the Science and Technology Commission, the Development and Reform Commission and other departments in the post-event supervision, so that these departments focus on policy formulation and market access, clarify the scope of authority and responsibility of market supervision departments and the power operation process, eliminate the “blind spots” and “dead ends” in the regulatory process The “blind spots” and “dead ends” in the regulatory process are eliminated.

　　3.3 Improve the open and transparent market access system, focusing on the hidden obstacles in administrative approval

　　In accordance with internationally accepted standards, establish an open and transparent market access system. Based on the experience of Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, within the existing legal framework and taking into account the actual situation of districts and counties, promote the negative list in other districts and counties in Shanghai, and try to extend the scope of the subjects of the negative list to all non-publicly owned enterprises.

Centralize the governance of predecessor administrative approval, publish the list and process of predecessor administrative approval, establish information sharing mechanism between predecessor approval units and comprehensive approval units, and improve the efficiency of administrative approval. Clean up and standardize the internal regulations of window units.

　　3.4 Deepen the reform of business integrity system and make efforts to break the information barrier between government and market

　　Accelerate the construction of business integrity public service platform. Insist on market-oriented and demand-oriented, break the barriers between government public credit information and market credit information and establish interactive sharing mechanism, take the city public credit information service platform as the basis, support the collection and sharing of public credit information and market credit information of government departments, platform enterprises, third-party professional institutions and social organizations, focus on market application, and gradually form a comprehensive credit information platform covering government departments, market-oriented platforms and third-party professional institutions. We will gradually form a comprehensive network of credit information covering government departments, market-based platforms and third-party professional institutions, and gradually establish a regional and comprehensive credit evaluation system covering online and offline enterprises.

　　3.5 Enrich and broaden the financing channels for SMEs and strengthen the role of the government in guarantee-type affairs

　　At present, financing for SMEs in Shanghai is still mainly through banks, and the proportion of financing from non-bank financial institutions and direct financing is low. Therefore, efforts should be made to enrich and broaden the financing channels for SMEs, and commercial banks should be encouraged and guided to formulate special credit plans and implementation details for SMEs.

Support districts and counties to directly issue SME credit subsidies to eligible commercial banks to increase the intensity of policy incentives. The municipal business committee and relevant departments in the district and county should make full use of their subordinate service platforms to strengthen the government’s role in guarantee-type matters and, if necessary, set up government-controlled guarantee companies to support financing for SMEs in the region.

　　3.6 Reduce the human resource cost of enterprises and create a talent depression for entrepreneurship and innovation

　　The high human resource cost and cost of living in mega cities have become one of the bottlenecks limiting the sustainable development of SMEs in Shanghai. Improve the policy of extra points for settlement for fresh students, focusing on adjusting the extra points policy for students in economics and management, law, and literature and history, and treating the publication of academic papers during school as the same as scientific and technological patents.

Strengthen the construction of various types of protected housing and reduce the cost of living. Establish a linkage mechanism between housing construction planning and talent introduction programs, and support districts and counties to establish special housing security programs for high-level and highly skilled talents.

　　3.7 Explore a new policy support system in response to the development trend of the “four new economies

　　Take the pilot and promotion of the negative list as a breakthrough, actively explore a new policy support system in line with the development rules of the “four new economies”, and establish a special risk investment fund for the “four new economies” by the Municipal Commission of Commerce and the relevant departments of the districts and counties to identify and support, on the basis of market-oriented principles A number of new enterprises and new projects that may have a significant impact on the regional economic transformation.

Establishing a “four new economies” parent project bank, planning, reserving and selecting a number of incubator projects in line with the direction of Shanghai’s industrial restructuring to ensure the sustainable development of the “four new economies”. For the traditional commercial projects that are seriously impacted by e-commerce, we should encourage their online and offline integration and gradually promote the virtualization of traditional commerce.

　　Although China’s international trade guiding ideology is extremely advantageous, but with the change of the world pattern, the increasingly complex foreign trade environment, making foreign trade problems more prominent, such as the over-exploitation of resources, the lack of a strong international economic competitiveness, or increasing trade friction. It is easy to see that the traditional foreign trade guiding ideology has been difficult to meet the actual development of international trade in China. Therefore, at this stage, we must actively explore the current situation of China’s foreign trade development, and targeted selection of suitable development path.

　　The main problems facing China’s international trade

　　(A) reckless development of resources

　　Although China is a major energy country, but because of our national conditions and the special stage of development, making China’s international trade shows the basic characteristics of labor-intensive and resource-processing. The most direct problem of this phenomenon is that natural resources are being exploited indiscriminately, and the area of forested land is decreasing so much that it cannot support the rapid development of foreign trade.

　　(ii) Lack of international competitiveness

　　In the above analysis, it is pointed out that labor-intensive products are the main component of China’s international trade structure. Although China has been paying more and more attention to science and technology in recent years, and has started to increase the proportion of high-tech products, but the dominant position is still labor-intensive products, and in the short term, the phenomenon has not changed. In addition, although China’s exports of high-tech products, however, with independent intellectual property rights are few and far between, especially in technology obviously lags behind the developed countries. Therefore, China does not have a strong competitiveness in the international market.

　　(III) Frequent trade frictions

　　As we all know, China has very rich resources, especially labor resources with intensive, cheap characteristics, which makes the export commodity prices are generally not high, but also a huge impact on the importing countries of similar markets. Because they want to protect their own similar markets, it is often anti-dumping investigations on China, and also for China to develop technical barriers to trade, environmental restrictions. And often restricted products are very competitive advantages, such as agricultural products, shoes and bags, etc., are a large number of China’s exports. Especially in recent years, the EU, Japan and other countries have more stringent restrictions.

　　China’s international trade development model and its path

　　(A) improve the relevant policies of the logistics industry

　　At present, China’s logistics industry related regulations and policies lack of perfection, and even some of the regulations and policies are missing, which requires the relevant departments of the state combined with the actual situation, through scientific and reasonable research to develop perfect regulations and policies, and then ensure the integrity of national logistics regulations, and unified logistics standards under the policy support, and gradually converge with international logistics industry standards, to achieve the standardization of market competition order, fully Improve the service management level of the industry and enterprises. In short, to promote the stable development of the international logistics industry, strengthening the adjustment and improvement of international logistics regulations and policies is the key.

　　(2) Standardize the management of export markets

　　International trade to achieve good development, can not be separated from the support of national policies, but also need to establish the export market intermediary organizations, and give full play to the role of organizational guidance, management and coordination, so as to regulate the management of the export market. On the one hand, China should actively learn from the experience of successful countries, the current foreign export market, not only to develop the corresponding laws and regulations, but also to establish the corresponding intermediary organizations, whose main purpose is to prevent export enterprises from low-price competition, resulting in the same room problems. Therefore, China should also fully learn from this point, and actively establish intermediary organizations to strengthen the management of the export market, and then reasonable supervision and guidance of market prices, to create a normal and fair business competition order and environment, to avoid the phenomenon of low-price competition.

　　(3) Encourage enterprises to innovate independently

　　The acquisition of technology mainly relies on innovation and introduction of these two means, but no matter what means of acquisition, the most important thing is still innovation. When new technology is introduced, enterprises should fully digest the technology and then innovate, which is also the main way for enterprises to master the core technology. From the foreign enterprise level, the purpose of its time-consuming research and development of new technologies is not to transfer to competitors; and from the perspective of foreign governments, to ensure the security of national economic policy, it will often develop corresponding laws and regulations to prevent the transfer of core technology of domestic enterprises. Therefore, to achieve further development, our government and enterprises must strengthen the innovation and mastery of core technologies, which is also the key to enhance national competitiveness. In fact, international competition is the competition of scientific and technological innovation strength. In recent years, China has been expanding the depth and breadth of international competition participation, making more countries began to limit the export of technology to China, but also highlights the weakness of China’s industrial innovation capacity and other phenomena, seriously detrimental to improving international competitiveness. Therefore, only by continuously improving the ability of independent innovation and focusing on breaking through key technologies, the international competitiveness of enterprises can be enhanced, and then win a more desirable development.

　　(D) Other related strategies

　　On the one hand, the problem of international trade imbalance should be given full attention. Although China should actively achieve diversified exports, and actively introduce high-tech and various advanced raw materials to ensure that the domestic market is satisfied at the same time, to promote the stable development of the national economy. In other words, for the development potential of the market to deepen the development, especially for countries with trade surpluses can increase exports, and combined with the actual needs of the domestic market, etc., to strengthen the introduction of new technologies, new raw materials, so as to promote the upgrading of industrial structure and enhance the international competitiveness of the country; on the other hand, the export products with competitive advantages vigorously developed. In recent years, the rapid development of the world economy has improved the level of consumption, but also changed the concept of consumption and people’s demand for goods. Therefore, China’s enterprises to be invincible in the international market, it is necessary to introduce foreign advanced science and technology, through the combination of traditional industries and high-tech means to achieve the purpose of improving the strengths and avoiding weaknesses. In addition, we should also focus on scientific and technological development, increase investment in scientific research, and actively develop new products to enhance the non-price competitiveness of export products in the international market. At the same time, we also need to enhance the awareness of standardization, in other words, our enterprises should strengthen the application of international standards, the actual situation of enterprises fully combined with ISO9000 and other management standards, in order to develop a suitable management model for enterprises, from the system to provide protection for product quality, to promote the enterprise can be invincible in the international market.

　　Conclusion

　　On the whole, although China’s foreign trade has been strengthened, the scale of exports is unprecedented expansion, but in essence, the gains are very small.

Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the foreign trade situation, grasp the development opportunities, the export products with advantages to vigorously develop, and actively broaden the development space to stabilize the status of a large trading country.

But also to fully estimate the severity and complexity of the situation, the correct treatment of the shortcomings in the development of foreign trade, and constantly improve the implementation of relevant policy measures to enhance the effectiveness and relevance of the policy, so as to promote the sustainable development of international trade.

　　Introduction

　　Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and professor of Tsinghua University, Liu Baicheng, proposed in his five-point proposal for building a strong manufacturing country that building a strong manufacturing country is inseparable from the cultivation of innovative talents. We not only need leading talents, but also a large number of skilled craftsmen team, one cannot be missing. By making a brief sorting of the relevant studies of scholars, the author found that there are few scholars who have studied the skill structure of employment in a country, among which there are employment involving major industries and employment in different regions as research objects, while from the viewpoint of skill structure, there are employment involving low-skilled labor, high- and medium-low-skilled employment and high- and low-skilled labor.

However, despite the richness of research in the field of domestic employment in recent years, there are still areas that need further improvement: on the one hand, there is little literature on the study of domestic employment structure that provides a systematic analysis of China’s employment structure; on the other hand, there is less in the domestic literature that analyzes the gaps in China’s employment structure from an international perspective.

　　Therefore, in this paper, the author will talk about how far is the road to 2025 China’s manufacturing power from the perspective of employment skill structure?

Based on the labor input data provided by the socio-economic accounts in the World Input-Output Database, this paper uses the corresponding decomposition method to split the labor input data into three major categories: high-skilled employed population, medium-skilled employed population and low-skilled employed population; and takes four BRIC countries (Brazil, China, Russia and India) and four developed countries (the United States, Germany, South Korea and Japan) as the research objects. We compare and analyze the employment skill structure among international countries from 1995 to 2009, and finally combine the findings of the study to propose inspirational suggestions for China to achieve the 2025 manufacturing power.

　　Overview of the employment skill structure of each country

　　The skilled labor structure used in this paper adopts the classification of these three types of skilled labor from WIOD’s socio-economic accounts table, i.e., the low-skilled labor force is defined as the labor force that has only received less than second-stage basic education, and the middle-skilled labor force is defined as the labor force that has received second-stage basic education but not higher education. High-skilled labor is defined as labor with higher education and beyond.

　　First, let us look at a few representative newly industrialized countries: In the case of Brazil, in terms of the share of various skills in total employment, the structure of employment by skill changed significantly from 1995 to 2009, with a “skewed X” structure between the middle-skilled labor force and the low-skilled labor force, with 2006 being a watershed year. The year 2006 was a watershed year, when the low-skilled labor force dominated and then declined, while the middle-skilled labor force showed the opposite trend.

Meanwhile, the analysis of the data on the share of high-skilled labor force shows a general upward trend during this period; in the case of China, the overall structure of employment by skills did not change much during the same period, with the low-skilled labor force dominating, followed by the medium-skilled labor force, and finally the high-skilled labor force.

In the case of Russia, in general, the middle-skilled labor force is absolutely dominant, and the sub-skilled employment structure is also in a “two-stage” pattern during this period: in the first stage (1995-2005), the pattern of the skilled employment structure changed a lot. In 1995, the shares of high-skilled and low-skilled labor force were about the same, and then the share of low-skilled labor force declined while the share of high-skilled labor force continued to increase. 2005-2009), the structure of the skilled labor force in Russia has basically maintained a relatively stable pattern.

In the case of India, in terms of the share of various skills in total employment, the sub-skill employment structure has remained relatively stable over the period: the low-skilled labor force dominates, followed by the medium-skilled labor force, and finally the high-skilled labor force, and its skill employment structure also follows a “two-stage” pattern: the first stage （The first stage (1995-2003) is relatively significant, and the second stage (2003-2009) maintains a relatively stable pattern of skilled labor force.

　　Secondly, let’s analyze some representative developed countries: in the case of the United States, its skill-based employment structure remained relatively stable during this period, i.e., the middle-skilled labor force dominated, followed by the high-skilled labor force, and finally the low-skilled labor force; from the trend diagram of its skill-based employment structure, it shows a “Z The trend diagram of its skill employment structure shows a general “Z” shape, with the share of high-skilled labor increasing while the share of medium-skilled labor and low-skilled labor continues to decline slightly.

In the case of Germany, the overall structure of employment by skills has remained relatively stable over the period, with the middle-skilled labor force dominating, followed by the high-skilled labor force, and finally the low-skilled labor force. In terms of trends, the share of high-skilled labor has been on the rise while the share of middle-skilled and low-skilled labor has been declining slightly.

In the case of Japan, its medium-skilled labor force is absolutely dominant in this period. In terms of weight pattern, its sub-skill employment structure is also in a “two-stage” pattern: in the first stage (1995-2004), the pattern of skill employment structure changed significantly. For the proportion of high-skilled labor force and low-skilled labor force, the overall proportion of high-skilled labor force and low-skilled labor force are in the shape of “horizontal V”, and the proportion of high-skilled labor force and low-skilled labor force are similar in 1995, and then the proportion of low-skilled labor force declines rapidly while the proportion of high-skilled labor force continues to rise. 2009), the structure of its skilled labor force basically maintained a relatively stable pattern.

In the case of Korea, the structure of its employment by skill has changed a lot during this period, and the structure of its high- and middle-skilled labor force is in the shape of an “X”. 2002 was a watershed year, before which the middle-skilled labor force was in the dominant position, and then continued to decline, while at the same time, the high-skilled labor force showed the opposite trend. In general, high-skilled and middle-skilled labor force has been dominating the Korean labor force, and the proportion of high-skilled labor force has been increasing year by year, and there is a “two-stage” pattern in general: in the first stage (1995-2005), the pattern of employment structure by skill has changed a lot, while in the second stage (2005-2009), the pattern of employment structure by skill has remained relatively stable. In the second stage (2005-2009), the structure of employment by skill remained relatively stable.

　　International Comparison of Employment Skill Structure

　　Compared with the newly industrialized Brazil, Russia and India, what is the level of China’s labor force’s employment skills? What is the gap between China’s labor force skills and those of developed countries (the United States, Germany, Japan and Korea)? This question will be answered in detail. 　　

First, when comparing the newly industrialized countries, China has the largest labor supply in terms of both low-skilled, medium-skilled, and high-skilled. Excluding the size factor, the shares of high-, medium-, and low-skill employment in these four countries in 2009 were: 37.4%: 45.7%: 16.9% for Brazil, 62.1%: 31.4%: 6.5% for China, 6.2%: 79.8%: 14.1% for Russia, and 63.1%: 29.4%: 7.4% for India. Among them, the skill structure of employment in China and India is very similar, and the process of change in the skill structure of employment in China and India is extremely similar when combined with the data of 1995 and 2004, but from the analysis of the overall trend of each country mentioned above, it is clear that the skill pattern of employment in India is basically in a stable situation since 2003: 63.1% (low-skilled labor force), 29.4% (medium-skilled Unlike China, where the share of low-skilled labor has been declining along with the rising share of middle-skilled labor and high-skilled labor. Therefore, from this perspective, China’s employment skill structure is in a process of continuous optimization.

At the same time, Russia is a special case among newly industrialized countries, where the share of its medium-skilled labor force is as high as 79.8% (2009), which is not only higher than the other three BRICS countries, but also higher than the developed countries covered in this paper (the United States, Germany, Japan, and South Korea), which is not unrelated to Russia’s decades of hard work and strong government measures in education. Therefore, the difference in the skill structure level of employment in BRICS countries also reflects another perspective that China and India are relatively more dependent on low-skilled labor products under the general trend of global economy, in other words, from the perspective of global value chain, China and India are still in locking at the lower end to provide low-skilled products production.

　　Secondly, from the comparison of developed countries, the skilled labor force in the U.S., Germany, Japan and Korea are all dominated by middle and high level labor force. the proportion of high, middle and low skilled employment in these four countries in 2009 are: 8.5%: 56.9%: 34.5% in the U.S., 14.3%: 58.0%: 27.7% in Germany, 7.7%: 66.0%: 26.3% in Japan and Korea was 9.4%: 42.4%: 48.3%. Excluding the effect of size, Korea is unique in that it has the highest share of high-skilled labor force and the share of high-skilled labor force has exceeded the share of middle-skilled labor force within Korea, while the U.S., Germany and Japan are still dominated by middle-skilled labor force.

　　Thus, in terms of China’s skilled labor force ratio: 72.4%: 25.3%: 2.3% (1995), 66%: 29.5%: 4.5% (2004), 62.1%: 31.4%: 6.5% (2009), although it is in a process of optimization in terms of pattern, it is not very satisfactory in terms of the speed of optimization, and in the selected In the BRICS sample selected for this paper, the speed of optimization is only slightly higher than that of India. In terms of the gap of skilled labor force, as mentioned above, among the four BRIC countries selected in this paper, China is only higher than India, and the gap with Russia is larger; meanwhile, comparing with the data of developed countries, we find that China needs to deepen the structural optimization of labor force skills.

　　Policy Recommendations

　　From the above analysis of the data of the four newly industrialized countries and the four developed countries selected in this paper, the current situation of China’s employment skill pattern still has more room for optimization, and the author’s policy recommendations are as follows.

　　1. Governments at all levels should promote the optimization of employment skill structure from both domestic and external demand perspectives according to the strategic plan of China 2025 manufacturing power.

　　2. It can be inferred from the data analysis in this paper that China is still locked at the bottom of the global value chain as reflected by the current status of China’s employment structure.

This dilemma is not conducive to the realization of China’s 2025 manufacturing power, nor is it conducive to the further optimization of the employment structure. Therefore, on the one hand, government departments should adopt various incentives to encourage enterprises to innovate in technology; on the other hand, the government should strengthen its investment in public education, implement active labor market policies, and guide enterprises to improve the skills of their employees through employee training.

　　3. In terms of the trade effect of international trade, we need to think about how to make use of the international trade spillover effect to improve the skill structure of our labor force.

The main risks of the buyer and seller under the letter of credit payment method

(A) the risks of the buyer in the process of payment by letter of credit

1. Letter of credit fraud

Credit fraud is one of the common phenomena in the payment of international trade, generally occurs mainly in the buyer, resulting in the seller bears a huge loss. To reduce the phenomenon of international trade payment due to credit problems that lead to huge losses to the other party, it is necessary to further strengthen the management of letters of credit and strict enforcement based on the current situation, in order to maximize the loss of trust enterprises or individuals excluded from the international trade, to maintain a good environment for international trade. At the same time, if the bank does not ask about the authenticity of the documents on the surface, and pays based on the same data alone, then the wrongdoers can create false documents to obtain money from the bank. At the same time, because the cost of using letters of credit for fraud is relatively small, the risk is also small, but the gain is relatively large, so the use of letters of credit for fraud in the international are seen to grow, which is also one of the important factors leading to the deterioration of the international trade environment.

2. Risk in the issuance stage

One of them is that the contract is cancelled due to the delay of the opening date. For the consideration of their own interests, exporters in the opening of the letter of credit will be made to delay the opening of the letter of credit or not open the letter of credit and other phenomena. Especially when the exchange rate changes a lot, the exporter to avoid the growth of the exchange rate and the decline in their own earnings and make the delay in the opening of the certificate or not to open the behavior, and then force the bank to cancel the contract. Because according to the law, the first day of the contracted shipment date is the best date to open the certificate, but the seller can only determine the month of shipment, most of them can not determine the specific day of shipment. If the buyer does not prepare the letter of credit on the first day of shipment, the bank will not be able to pay, and the seller naturally will not make the shipment; secondly, according to the law, the contract must be effective and the letter of credit issued by the buyer must be consistent with the contract, otherwise the contract will not be effective, that is, the interests of both parties cannot be protected. When there is no special provision in the contract, it is generally executed in accordance with the conventional practice, that is, in accordance with UPC500, which means that the buyer cannot set other additional conditions in the process of opening the letter of credit for settlement, which will not only be rejected by the seller but also may face claims from the other party.

(B) The main risks of seller under L/C payment method

1. The importing party does not open the L/C according to the contract

In principle, the contract signed by both parties should be consistent with the terms of the letter of credit, but in the specific operation process there are various factors that lead to the importing party does not open the letter of credit in accordance with the rules, the contract can not be properly implemented, so that the exporting party suffered huge losses. On the one hand, due to the rapidly changing market information, all parties may face the pressure to achieve changes, especially the import side of the pressure is greater, for this reason, the import may not strictly follow the contract to open a letter of credit or not open a letter of credit, etc.; on the other hand, the import side to maximize their own interests and minimize the risk of international trade and request changes in the terms of the contract. In order to achieve this purpose, the importing party is likely to request the addition of annex clauses in the letter of credit to benefit its own interests, which will cause difficulties in implementation for the other party, and even end up suffering huge losses.

2. The importing party deliberately sets up obstacles

Driven by the interests, the importing party will take advantage of the seriousness of the contract and the strictness of the L/C to add additional clauses in order to cause difficulties to the other party in contract performance. For example, adding ambiguous clauses, adding clauses that are contrary to the contractual agreement, adding misspellings on purpose, etc.

3. Alteration of L/C for fraud

Since the letter of credit is the key element of contract execution and payment, it is easy to be used by the importing party to achieve their own purposes. The most common is the use of expired letters of credit for alteration, in order to cheat the other party’s goods, when the only way for the exporters to screen them is to rely on professionals or banks.

4. The importer obtains the letter of credit through illegal means

The importer obtains the blank letter of credit from the bank by illegal means, or makes a fake letter of credit illegally by colluding with the bank staff, etc. and gives it to the exporter, if the exporter is negligent and does not find it, it will cause huge losses.

5. Requirement of separate instruction for L/C to be effective

If the contract terms do not clearly specify the delivery date, shipment date, samples approved by inspection, etc., especially if the above date is to be notified before implementation, it is very likely that the final transaction will be aborted due to untimely notification or no notification, resulting in huge losses to the seller.

Preventive measures for transaction risks under letter of credit payment method

(A) Trade cooperation when carefully choose the object of the transaction

Whether it is international trade or domestic trade, the credibility of the two sides of the transaction is crucial, and the level of credibility directly affects the security of the transaction. For both parties, in order to protect their legitimate interests in the transaction process should not be easy to sign a contract and should be investigated in advance on the basic situation of the other party to understand whether the other party has a good reputation, especially whether there is a breach of contract. When it is determined that the other party has a good reputation, then the next step of contract signing and specific transactions.

(B) set different certificate requirements for the provisional payment terms of the letter of credit

In international trade, due to the difference of goods specifications or transaction types, banks have different requirements in the letter of credit? In this regard, both parties to the transaction should apply to the bank to put forward specific requirements for various types of certificates according to the specific conditions of the actual transaction and require both parties to strictly implement them based on the purpose of protecting the interests of both parties and minimizing transaction risks. At the same time, the buyer can also request the seller to provide the certificate issued by the professional quality inspection agency in the temporary delivery terms to protect their own interests.

(C) Strictly examine the various documents issued

For the buyer, the seller is often encountered in the documentary forgery and once the review is not, the loss caused is greater; conversely, for the seller, the buyer may also be in the documentary or documentary forgery, the loss suffered is also huge. For this reason, for both sides, in the transaction process to do the following two things: first, strictly follow the contract agreement to develop all kinds of documents; second, according to the contractual content and the actual transaction of all kinds of information in the documents to strictly check, in order to avoid the occurrence of document forgery phenomenon found. Finally, if the documents are found to be falsified, the transaction should be stopped in time, and the other party should be held responsible according to the legal provisions.

Furthermore, the report likewise features the difficulties obstructing market development and extension techniques utilized by driving organizations in the “Extreme focus Sweeteners Market”. North America allulose market size drove by the U.S. also, Canada is supposed to show significant development during the projected time frame attributable to expanding request from the food and drinks industry in the area. U.S. food and refreshment market size ought to outperform USD 20 billion out of 2021 which shows adequate learning experiences for allulose makers. The changing food inclinations alongside rising customer mindfulness towards a solid way of life is probably going to prompt the territorial market development. Likewise, great guidelines relating to the item will fuel the market development. For example, in 2019, the FDA supported allulose to be rejected from being viewed as under added sugars.

A wide assortment of allulose choices are accessible to you, like seasoning specialists, sugars, and nourishment enhancers. Dissect deals and appropriation diverts in key geologies to work on top income. Comprehend the various elements affecting the Stationery and Office Supplies market – key drivers, challenges, and secret open doors. Give research strategy and market size assessment of Homeowners Association Software market.

It is assessed that in 2030, the worldwide market for allulose will arrive at 450 million U.S. dollars, and it is normal to develop at a build yearly development pace of 9.1%. North America will represent the greater part of the market. The exogenous “allulose suppliers ” DAEase quality could be actually communicated in the recombinant S. Cerevisiae (Li et al., 2015) and Kluyveromyces marxianus (Yang et al., 2018). Tumefaciens DAEase quality co-communicated in yeast spores to reinforce the synergistic catalysis impact. These two recombinant chemicals were immobilized for D-allulose creation with D-glucose as the substrate (Li et al., 2015).

Metal particles assume a critical part in the transformation of D-fructose into D-allulose by securing the bound of D-fructose. Tumefaciens for the transformation of D-fructose to D-allulose. Tumefaciens DAEase buildup Glu150 and Mn2+ is basic to the action of DAEase (Kim et al., 2010). Furthermore, Asp183 and His209 buildups limited by metal particles are associated with effective substrate restricting.

With its accomplished and fruitful working with both Chinese and global business sectors. A. Mechanical progressions, item advancement, alongside joint endeavors, are the key systems selected by the working organizations in this market. A. Tate and Lyle, SAMYANG CORPORATION, and Anderson Advanced Ingredients are the main organizations in the allulose market.

D-Allulose can be applied in food, drug arrangements, and dietary enhancements (Granström et al., 2004). D-Allulose containing plans were less inclined to retrogradation in a starch-based composite gel lattice (Ilhan et al., 2020). Makers broadly add D-allulose in their food items in mix with different sugars. D-Allulose is universally applied in refreshments , flavorful dishes , drugs as a gelling specialist, pastry kitchen items, frozen yogurt, yogurt, and other low-calorie food sources. Furthermore, D-allulose is likewise utilized as a thickening and settling specialist in bread, rolls, rye cakes, and meat dishes. Allulose is a low-calorie sugar with a similar spotless, sweet taste you anticipate from sugar, that can be utilized in many food and drink applications.