Author: Theresa Thomas

How to Find the Best Internet based Arrangements onUndercarriage Parts?

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On the off chance that you are searching for reasonable choices of supplanting your machines’Undercarriage Parts you can now discover probably the best quality items at extraordinary deal bargains on the web. The consistently expanding interest for profoundly proficient hardware parts in the market has led to countless providers offering a large number of items at exceptionally serious costs through their web-based sites.

Underside parts alludes to the under pieces of weighty vehicles which are utilized in development, mining and modern purposes. As this part permits the development of the weighty machine and is comprised of haggles they should be of prime quality as well as in UNDERCARRIAGE PARTS the best condition to give ideal execution. This is the reason separated from buying appropriate parts, for example, elastic tracks, idlers, track shoes and chains for the under pieces of your machine, getting right and ideal underside fix administration is likewise vital.

While searching for reasonableUndercarriage Parts on the web, the accompanying rules will be extremely useful in finding the best worth arrangement that anyone could hope to find on the lookout:

  1. Search the web – The web has by a wide margin turned into the best hunt device to address the issues of your hardware. By signing onto a web crawler you can look into different providers ofUndercarriage Parts who are situated in your preferred favored region.
  2. Visit providing locales – When you have a rundown of providers who manage hardware parts, you can visit their site to have an unmistakable thought of the most recent items that are accessible on the lookout.
  3. Notice your particular prerequisites – Most sites will have a criticism segment through which you can determine your necessities which will help you in getting a rundown of reasonable items to browse.
  4. Find out about different producers – to distinguish the best arrangements on the web, it is really smart right now to have a sound information on different makers of hardware parts and as well as finding out about the most ideal performing brands that anyone could hope to find on the lookout.
  5. Look at costs – Whenever you have been given a rundown of statements onUndercarriage Parts, contrast their highlights seriously along and their costs to pick a practical item that is from a rumored organization.
  6. Select an approved merchant – After you have focused in on the most appropriate item, guarantee that the providers you are managing are approved wholesalers of the brand that you have chosen.
  7. Decide on help administrations – At long last, before you cause a web-based exchange to guarantee that the providers give nearby fitting and underside fix administrations to have a good deal bargain.

With probably the most recentUndercarriage Parts being provided on the web at extraordinary deal bargains making an internet based exchange is an incredible buy overall.

100 percent Polypropylene Material Non Woven Texture In Rolls, Gsm: Eight To 200, Rs A Hundred 25 Kg Id: 20966200612

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Polypropylene is recyclable, as are non-woven polypropylene carry gear for purchasing or drawstring things for sports exercises or relaxation. They may be utilized many times and could proceed with basically 5 years. Moreover, they could most likely be utilized to convey weighty things, and they’ll not break or tear, totally not the same as plastic ones that will exclusively convey a particular weight.

Also, we will give a reasonable and decline pp non woven texture roll worth give to our global clients.

Most loved Fab, situated in 2011 in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, is India’s biggest pp nonwoven texture maker, exporter, and supplier. It is a checked and legitimate merchant of recorded items on Exchange India. Most loved Fab has a legitimate name out there for top of the reach Polypropylene Nonwoven Texture, Turned trim Nonwoven Textures, etc.

This texture is fabricated using the latest age innovation, ‘Reicofil’ by Reifenhauser, Germany. Our totally computerized producing additionally line utilizes in-line digicam testing approach for quality affirmation and high level advanced mechanics for bundling with zero human contact. The two sorts of PP stuff are 100 pc recyclable, being only one stage away from the bio-based plastics at the best completion of the Greenpeace pyramid of plastics. Furthermore, there could be the additional advantage of this materials being waterproof when finished with a covered film, serving to monitor contents from dampness.

Nonetheless, that is only a silver lining the total picture is very dreary. PPR protests actually achieve landfills as an option of reusing plants albeit a few companies are moving forward. There are UN Practical Advancement targets additionally for which many firms are working altogether. Attributable to these colossally benefits you can comprehend the reason why polypropylene is a lot of in style materials with endless applications all through businesses universally. The wastewater exchange is empowering a standard meaning of flushability, including dispersibility, and outsider assessment or check, relating to by NSF Worldwide. They envision that items should be secure for each septic and sewer procedures .

It involves polypropylene as unrefined substances, which is turned and polymerized into a local area at high temperature, after which reinforced into a material by searing rolling. Because of the simple course of flow and enormous result, it’s non-poisonous and honest to human build. In this manner, it’s generally utilized in clean supplies, and various fields. Extrapack utilizes non-woven polypropylene for assembling of reusable sacks, go pleasantly with covers and different items. Beginning around 2014, the organization has delivered this material in-house, on private line for non-woven polypropylene.

Polypropylene is a greatly flexible sort of plastic, utilized for making various devices from lunch receptacles to sacks! Around here at Cotton Pack Co, we currently have two choices out there for polypropylene gear, non-woven PP and woven PP, and keeping in mind that these stuff are genuinely related we’ve framed the qualification for you in this blog. In the European worldwide areas are supposed to drive interest for disposables like gloves, outfits, veils, bed liners, and careful covers inside the area, which is all the more presumably to push the item interest over the figure period. Thrace Gathering Nonwoven Textures are utilized for various kinds of item bundling capabilities, meeting the exchange’s most noteworthy prerequisites to satisfy our clients’ interest for high of the reach bundling. From assembling Non-woven texture for only things to providing Non-woven stock as an uncooked material to huge goliaths.

Our long periods of mastery and specialized development convey insight in an assortment of nonwoven materials from youngster care, medical services and purifying to improvement and farming. Notwithstanding, you don’t need to be limited to just reusable purchasing gear with pp non-woven. Article of clothing stuff, gift voucher holders, and pockets can be made from this multipurpose materials. Their strength to miniature creature and microorganisms, along with their low assembling costs, make non-woven materials either reusable or reasonably dispensable inside the clinical and medical services subject. With its lower thickness, polypropylene likewise requires considerably less tar (up to 1/3 not exactly) various plastics to make any product. In this design, the development of polypropylene and its non-woven ensuing assortments lessen the amount of non-sustainable assets vital inside the assembling system.

The holding influences each the respectability and the force of the net interaction by applying searing needles or warmed to meld the surfaces and dissolve the polymer. Nonwoven textures are designed textures which could be single-use, have a restricted life, or be entirely strong. These properties are some of the time consolidated to make textures fitted to explicit positions, though accomplishing an extraordinary unfaltering quality between item use-life and cost.

Despite the fact that a few firms are moving forward, Most loved Fab end up in reusing tasks.

The market for PP Non-Woven Texture has been making at a moderate rate with impressive advancement rates over the previous several years, and expanding fundamentally in the future is normal. The market has likewise been coordinated by quick mechanical leap forwards and advancements around here, relating to Planning nonwoven supplies with skincare and delicacy.

You are prepared to utilize them to hold family things or convey them to the shopping center to stack up your new kind of garments, you could likewise try and capitalize on them on unambiguous events as opposed to a handbag. Furthermore, they’re really light and could be essentially stuffed and saved wherever. A Polypropylene non woven texture roll can be changed and used wherever. Logically, the texture can be progressing toward upholsteries, house elaborate subject, products, style industry, compound ventures, and that is just the beginning.

Staples PP nonwoven materials are acquiring importance in clinical utility over other PP nonwoven materials because of their better filtration and low-pressure drop properties. Expanding staple PP nonwoven entrance in clinical capabilities, like gloves, clinical bundling, careful outfits, veils, curtains, and covers, is expected to increase the market development. Nonwoven composite strands are a sandwich of meltblown and spunbonded textures with various examples. These items display high energy inferable from spunbonded texture parts along with predominant boundary properties consolidated by meltblown materials.

The sort of fiber used in a nonwoven texture impacts regardless of whether it’s biodegradable. Our Polypropylene Non woven Turned bond textures have great air penetrability, utilize no synthetic substances and are thermo fortified . It have fantastic bidirectional machine heading/cross course rigidity and tear properties.

Now that we lined this subject, now is the ideal time to discuss the creation of non-woven stuff or other style objects. It is fundamental to underscore the subject, as assembling is a crucial standard while concluding whether a material is manageable or not. The non-woven china pp non woven textures are usually illustrated as web structures or sheet reinforced together artificially, thermally, or precisely. They are tufted permeable or level sheets made quickly by plastic film, separate strands, or plastic.

A remarkable course of produces polyethylene fibrils in a Freon-like liquid, framing them solidly into a paper-like item and afterward calendering them to make Tyvek. Spunbond has been blended in with soften blown nonwovens, adjusting them solidly into a layered item alluded to as SMS (turned dissolve turned). Liquefy blown nonwovens have remarkably decent fiber distances across anyway aren’t solid textures. SMS materials, made totally from PP are water-repellent and fine adequate to act as dispensable textures.

At the point when it includes the eco-benevolence of non-woven these have extraordinarily in style and biodegradable and non-poisonous decisions comparative with the contrary substitute choices. Allow us to dissect Polypropylene, non-woven textures, and its benefits and biodegradability exhaustively. Flashspun textures are made by splashing a broke up tar solidly into a chamber, where the dissolvable vanishes. We utilize prime quality natural substance from exclusively the main worldwide providers. They offer prevalent pressure driven and mechanical properties, which go with them an ideal decision for filtration and partition, subsequently moving the market progress.

Orange Region Disinfection Locale has made a mission, “What 2 Flush”, which suggests flushing just the “three P’s — pee, crap and paper”. Woven PP is typically white and accomplishes illustrations with the cover, however some woven PP textures utilize shaded strings to make a plaid kind of test and clear overlay. Our NWPP discount shopping sacks might be made in major areas of strength for a potential.

Challenge reality and reevaluate what’s feasible in car proficiency, bundling plan, cleanliness solace and hardware charm.

With these customizations to browse, polypropylene non-woven might be modified in endless strategies to make your reusable bundling intelligent of your image. Many brands and companies will generally float in way of polypropylene non-woven because of it’s reasonable to create, adaptable, and is particularly effectively adjustable to work out positively for your crowd. Pp non-woven could be built in any tone, emblazoned, tweaked printed and covered with a matte or shine finish. Spunbond nonwoven and Spunbond texture product can be utilized to safeguard against UV beams and bright radiation in the outside.

Developing occupants and rising awareness have prompted an increment inside the interest for both tough and expendable cleanliness and clinical items all through the globe. Likewise, developing entrance of PP non-woven materials inside the car business in the assembling of car flooring rugs, inside entryway boards, and others is supposed to drive market progress. At Material And so on, we convey a huge shade change and choice of non woven polypropylene texture for your entire needs. Non woven polypropylene texture has a major determination of purposes for the majority expanded capabilities. This non woven texture is reinforced together by catching the filaments via a mechanical, warm, or substance course of.

Continue to look for connections to our NWPP sack reach and data sheets. Furthermore, in the event that you have any inquiries concerning NWPP texture, go ahead and in touch. The creation of NWPP additionally utilizes less water than the assembling of cotton, which utilizes large measures of water. It moreover diminishes how much burn through from single-utilize plastic as each time a special pack is reused, it eliminates the need to utilize a plastic transporter sack.

Current + Contemporary Office Furniture

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A simple answer for this issue is to introduce current office parcels all along.

Numerous office parcel frameworks are demountable, meaning they can be eliminated from their tracks and reconfigured to meet the ongoing necessities of the workplace. In a call community office, segment walls are utilized as limits for various groups. These cutting edge office parts with sound-evidence highlights make it simple for groups to participate in settling on or getting decisions. With regards to planning another office, or redesigning a current business premises, contemplating making a work area that cultivates efficiency and creativity is truly significant.

Walls are the most exhausting approaches to making office parcels. Pixcerra by IPH Glasses brings to you the most wonderfully inventive ways of making office segments. Presently you can give the dull office life a cutting edge turn of the century look by introducing our new office parts.

We’re determined to take security back to the work environment, and these are the structure blocks to get it going. With respect to the workplaces, the X-series twofold coated allotments were introduced. This decision gave a feeling of straight smoothness while guaranteeing the best acoustics. Normal lighting through the glass boards, joined with the mathematical style, decorated the workplace with a fundamental current magnificence.

T8 board incorporates broad help of force and information steering and access for individual workstations as well as cooperative spaces. Give space outwardly and acoustically isolated from group space to consider fixation. Current office furniture that can help you draw in and hold the best representatives.

While facilitating clients, sellers, interview competitors or even representatives’ unique interactions, your office space addresses what your identity is. Your business has a remarkable reason, so you shouldn’t depend on a one-size-fits-all office work space arrangement. Producers like Clover designcall focus cubiclesespecially in light of everyday call community tasks. Present day call place office desk areas support efficiency, make it simpler for your group to zero in on calls more straightforward and fit links from PCs and telephones watchfully concealed.

You can likewise involve office furniture and parts for different capabilities. For instance, there are sure office furniture screens that you can use as whiteboards. The establishment of a glass office entryway can assist with lessening the standard office clamor and interruption as it is sensibly soundproof and further develops efficiency.

Visit the Find a Store page to see the hours, driving bearings and extraordinary administrations presented by each store. The last thing a business confronting space gives needs is problematic development and building exercises. The work area should likewise be where laborers can focus and zero in on their assignments.

Our custom office desk areas are the ideal answer for quickly developing organizations that need adaptable, excellent workstations that permit you to reconfigure them suddenly. Office segments separated from introducing utility based benefits, additionally upgrade the working environment feel. At Union Works, we offer a reach ofdesk dividers, and office parcels that are accessible in various shapes, sizes, and varieties.

A sharp plan is tied in with benefiting from your structure and its offices, and that goes for the open air ones too. Take a stab at zhooshing up an outside region so it very well may be utilized during breaks, or while working cooperatively. Maybe you’d lượt thích to outline different formats utilizing a study hall configuration program like FloorPlanner. This will empower you to rapidly switch between formats as per the subject and action. In the event that you are not a Seller, if it’s not too much trouble, utilize our Find a Rep guide to find a delegate in your space.

We make a 2D or 3D arrangement of your office utilizing our exceptionally specialized computer aided design programming. Entryway facade will be taken a gander at as a feature of the plan cycle alongside the exceptionally significant investigation of ironmongery answers for ease of use and security. Bringing the external inside your office is an extraordinary method for establishing a quieting and tranquil climate. They are fitted with leg liners and can be immediately moved starting with one area then onto the next. Fortunately, Room Dividers’ thorough scope of room divider frameworks come prepared to-utilize.

To give workstation a total character and establish a rich climate inside requires a ton of plan contemplations. Indee

d, even the restricted space of your office can bring about an exceptionally effective local area of representatives. Office space the executives has turned into a specific subject for current managers since it mentally affects every individual working there. Meridian Insides additionally offer tailor made office apportioning shaping bended walls and lumber outlined framework to commend any office climate.

We even have convenient, detached office boards so you can set up a transitory office or preparing space when fundamental. In the event that you want reasonable office desk areas or divider boards to make the best work area for your representatives, peruse Current Office’s determination of parts and work spaces available to be purchased. Our office furniture is all seriously valued, and we offer free delivery in the touching US. As opposed to going through an exorbitant rebuild, current office parcels make a manageable arrangement that likewise diminishes squander, as well as cost.

We offer both private and semi-private office work area answers for greatest office adaptability. Our semi-private work space arrangements are ideal for occupations that require a harmony between free work and joint effort with collaborators. Sunline’sSliding DropDown Cubiclehas drop-level walls to effortlessly change between confidential work and collaboration, giving a prevalent semi-private office work space arrangement.

Work area screens are broadly utilized as they mark the singular working space and are the least demanding method for lessening the quick clamor. Work area dividers can be fixed or moveable and a few plans highlight a customizable level. Unsupported screens are utilized to isolate various zones in a functioning region. Versatile screens are like the unattached however a large portion of them have castors and are for the most part utilized in measured work areas. The most well known materials for office allotments are glass, cover, plastic and, surprisingly, attractive whiteboard boards.

Current office work area work spaces is truly hot deal item from our office furniture production line. We, a top office work area work areas provider and office work area workstation production line, consistently produce quality office workstation, glass work space office, desk area office work areas and seats, and so on. As a senior furniture industrial facility, in the mean time, we could stand to OEM and ODM creating on the grounds that numerous modern office partition expert fashioners, professionals and mechanics with many high level gear. Simultaneously, quality current office segment wall we made, have previously sent out to oversea market with mass amounts as expanding pattern each year. Assuming that you consider to purchase parcel wall, kindly feel free to hệ our expert agents for serious cost in mass obtaining. On the off chance that you are entrusted with outfitting another business office space or are moving into inventive office space and don’t have the foggiest idea where to start, unwind, we can direct you through the whole cycle from start to finish.

Giving that surprising or fascinating setting to an office by utilizing custom office parceling can truly change a space. Rather than current plan, contemporary plan doesn’t allude to a particular time span. The style is continually developing to mirror the famous styles of present-day plan. Contemporary plan gets characteristics from innovation, moderation, Craftsmanship Deco, and other worldwide styles, with nonpartisan ranges and steel or chrome materials. The liquid meaning of contemporary plan changes in agreement to latest things. Current plan then again, is a discernable tasteful that stresses fresh lines, warm neutrals and equilibrium.

The principal reason that open arrangement plans with office screens are being preferred over the work space style workplaces is that it empowers joint effort among representatives and in this manner increments efficiency. There is as yet a requirement for office work area screens as they are as yet expected to isolate the work areas separated from each other. Texture screens are an incredible method for trying different things with the design of your office while likewise playing with style. Variety an affects spirit thus various varieties can be utilized to deliver positive outcomes upon efficiency. We give a scope of texture separates different sizes, shapes and plans and to suit all financial plans. For extraordinary worth screens go for the Pricebuster Detached Screens, or on the other hand in the event that you are searching for a more fashioner feel, integrate the Zesto office screens into your work area.

We’ve covered the very fundamentals just to provide you with an overall thought of the kinds of parts you might need to consider. It is prescribed to talk with an expert prior to settling on a last choice. Here is a brief glance at a portion of the sorts of parcels referenced previously. We accept delight to present ourselves as one of the prestigious association for offering top tier scope of Current Office Segment.

Before, Imaginative Office Space was utilized by truyền thông media, innovation, and amusement organizations. Present day office allotments, dissimilar to regular furniture are lightweight, can be effectively collapsed, and consume less space than conventional furnishings. Office parcels additionally assist with improving representative protection by isolating workspaces and you will not need to settle on confidential desk areas and chambers which helps in saving space. Try not to utilize glass parcels that are straightforward and won’t fill this need, assuming advancing protection is your great concern. Our space dividers and office parts give security to meeting rooms, relax spaces, or work area frameworks.

“From the absolute first liên hệ, we viewed Present day Office as exceptionally expert, amicable and generally significantly completely proficient of their whole item range. We would energetically prescribe their administrations to any organization hoping to move or upgrade their ongoing office climate”. Dawn Aluminum has incomparable and stunning scope of items lượt thích . Dawn Aluminum is serving since 6 Years A half year 10 Days and is a confided in item. The spot of enrollment is Dawn AluminiumShop No. 2, 34/2 Yelanahalli Town Akshaynagar, Close to DLF Newtown, Akshayanagar, ,Bengaluru,India in Bengaluru.

Many organizations are turning towards plans that permit groups to appreciate more noteworthy independence over how and where they work. An adaptable work environment can take many structures, from ‘drafted’ spaces to open arrangement workplaces. For more noteworthy adaptability, you might wish to consider buying portable furnishings and moving office parcels that permit you to reconfigure the design of your office whenever.

We really put stock in the room dividers and different items we sell and the issues we settle for our clients.

Space division, office coordinated effort, and center work are accomplished through a sensitive equilibrium of room arranging and purposeful plan. The significance of work area parcels additionally fluctuates as indicated by work jobs and the idea of the representatives. We give an extensive variety of wooden office separates various plans and styles, and every one can be utilized to suit an alternate reason.

Floor-to-roof work area office workstations give a reasonable method for working as a conventional office, advance social separating and decrease commotion. In any case, office workstation work areas are not the same as customary workplaces in that they consider the opportunity to change your office design inside 24 to 48 hours altogether. TheClover High-Wall Glass Office 500and800 Seriesprovide a smooth current office work space answer for most extreme adaptability, solace and efficiency.

Our Plan Your Office Apparatus makes it simple to picture various variety blends and format prospects while attempting to plan and buy a portion of our most well known contemporary office furniture plans. Our advanced office furniture will rethink the space that characterizes your working day and sparkles the creative mind of you representatives and clients. We work with you to make a cutting edge office plan that suits your financial plan and vision.

One more developing pattern in the work environment is the utilization of dynamic office furniture, which is intended to support sound development and movement over the course of the day, even while situated. The following are a few ideas for dynamic office furniture that you might wish to acquaint with the working environment. Laborers in an office setting invest a large portion of their energy sitting, which is the reason ergonomic furniture is a significant part of planning a cutting edge office.

At the point when the glass segments are made of glazed or hued glass, they make security and diminish commotion levels. Office allotments can be utilized for extra room – workers can connect capacity bins, for instance and use them as coordinators. Office segments offer an incredible adaptability as they can be effectively moved starting with one spot then onto the next.

We likewise offer bigger work spaces for representatives who require a touch more space. Our call place desk areas likewise come in 5′ x 3′, 5′ x 2′ and 4′ x 3′ choices. Lighting up the space with craftsmanship can add a touch of character to any contemporary office space. Workmanship – particularly reasonable scenes of nature – can help staff unwind and lessen feelings of anxiety, while going about as an idea that might assist with fortifying relational connections.

A recharged energy and feeling of fervor overwhelmed the current year’s NeoCon at Merchandise Store in Chicago. Architects from everywhere met June 13 to 15 to flaunt new plans and find the most recent office furniture and that’s just the beginning. Despite how present day your plan may be, wreck and mess is a simple method for causing the workplace to appear to be dirty and unpleasant. It’s astounding how much even a smidgen of cleaning can cause a space to appear to be new and new.

Study on optimizing Shanghai’s business environment in the context of building an international trade center

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　　1 Definition of the connotation of the business environment of the International Trade Center

　　The International Trade Center is a unique regional development position of Shanghai, and the business environment associated with the construction of the International Trade Center has its own development rules and conditions of existence. Compared with general administrative regions, the business environment of the International Trade Center should adopt higher standards and stricter requirements in the evaluation dimensions of internationalization, rule of law and marketization. The construction of Shanghai’s international trade center should be built on the principle of competitive neutrality, pre-entry national treatment, intellectual property protection, labor standards upgrading, environmental standards upgrading, etc., to establish a set of initial alignment with the highest international standards of business environment evaluation system.

　　The business environment of the International Trade Center is a quantitative tool to measure and evaluate the development environment faced by all types of enterprises of all types within Shanghai.

First, the business environment is the sum of all external factors common to all types of enterprises.

Second, the business environment is a development environment and an important variable affecting the development of enterprises.

Third, business environment is a quantitative concept and a tool for measuring and assessing the development environment.

Fourth, the business environment is reflected in the form of indicators, and an accurate evaluation of the business environment is obtained by scoring the indicators.

　　Doing business is an institutional-level concept, and the business environment of the ITC is the sum of various institutional arrangements related to international trade activities. Cross-country empirical studies have demonstrated that institutions are critical to economic development and that stronger property rights protection with fewer policy distortions will make a country richer than others. In the World Bank study, Doing Business is broken down into eleven institutional indicators for starting a business, applying for a building permit, hiring employees, registering property rights, accessing credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading in and out of the country, contract enforcement, closing a business, and accessing electricity supply. It can be seen that the essence of optimizing the business environment is the reform and innovation of the institutional arrangement for doing business.

　　2 Problems and shortcomings of Shanghai’s business environment

　　2.1 Hidden obstacles in administrative approval and lack of detail control in post-event supervision

　　There are still some problems in the actual operation of Shanghai’s administrative approval system, mainly at the operational level and the administrative end. There are invisible obstacles in administrative approval, the efficiency of environmental assessment, safety assessment, social assessment and other preapproval is low, the grassroots clerical staff in the knowledge structure, policy level, work experience and other aspects do not match with the reform of the government supervision of the intermediate and post-event-oriented. The openness and transparency of administrative approval needs to be strengthened, and the application materials, waiting time limit, operation process, and informing commitment of administrative approval are still not specific and clear.

The development of district and county functionaries in e-government construction is relatively lagging behind, the prior notification of administrative approval content fails to achieve Internet operation, and enterprises are still trapped by information barriers when handling administrative approval in districts and counties. The lack of information sharing mechanism among district and county functional departments in handling administrative approval increases the time cost of enterprises. The internal regulations of window units are contrary to laws, regulations and the spirit of higher-level policies and documents, and fail to keep up with the times, which affects the “last mile” of administrative approval reform.

　　2.2 SMEs overly rely on government subsidies and lack market-oriented industrial policies

　　In terms of industrial policy, Shanghai SMEs rely excessively on government subsidies, without forming a market-oriented SME cultivation and growth mechanism. In the distribution of government subsidies, there is an imbalance between industries, sectors and regions, and there is a lack of special subsidies and guidance and incentive policies that are compatible with the development orientation of the international trade center.

The lack of a strong information dissemination channel for the application and distribution of government subsidies makes some non-public SMEs effectively excluded from the beneficiary group of subsidy projects. Various informal intermediaries are active between SMEs and government departments, providing advisory services and charging fees for enterprises to obtain subsidy funds, which reduces the efficiency of the use of financial funds. In addition, the lack of scientific and effective performance evaluation mechanism for various subsidy projects, project funds in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, demonstration project construction and other aspects of the leading role is weak.

　　2.3 Inter-regional tax system reform is not coordinated, and the sharing of tax benefits between levels is unreasonable

　　In the process of business reform, the reform of inter-regional taxation system has become uncoordinated. There are tax barriers between Shanghai and the neighboring regions of Yangtze River Delta in the sale and purchase of raw materials and semi-finished products, and the VAT invoices issued by Shanghai service industry enterprises cannot be deducted in the neighboring regions, which increases the operating costs of enterprises.

In the export tax rebate and other tax incentives, the share design among government levels is unreasonable, and the share of districts and counties is too large, which aggravates the mismatch between the financial resources and responsibilities of districts and counties. In terms of tax collection and management reform, after the abolition of tax administrators, enterprises feel that the service quality of taxation departments has decreased, the information channel between government and enterprises has been blocked, and the time cost of tax declaration for enterprises has increased. In terms of detailed control, Shanghai local taxation department still needs to make a breakthrough, and the lack of unification of tax registration number and taxpayer identification number affects the efficiency of enterprises in filing tax returns. After the reform of “three certificates in one”, there is still the phenomenon that the “single number” and taxpayer identification number are separated after the merger.

　　2.4 Tight land for construction in mega cities and mismatch of resources in the process of industrial import

　　With the change of economic structure and industrial upgrading, all districts and counties in Shanghai are generally in a tight situation of construction land, and manufacturing industries and productive service industries start to move to distant suburbs. In the process of industrial importation and transformation, there is a blind pursuit of high standards and high technology in the districts and counties, and a lack of differentiated industrial positioning. The development of productive service industries is subject to strong land constraints, and the construction of basic functional areas such as logistics parks is often excluded from the development planning of districts and counties. With the accelerating urbanization process, the industrial importation in the distant suburbs has entered a new stage of development.

At present, there is a mismatch between the imported population and the imported industries in the distant suburbs. The district and county levels want to improve the industrial capacity, while the structure of the imported population is complicated, with the higher quality part lacking the willingness to be employed in the distant suburbs and the lower quality part not being able to effectively support the district and county’s industrial upgrading goals.

　　2.5 High labor cost of enterprises and structural talent shortage restrict industrial transformation and upgrading

　　Influenced by the macroeconomic situation and industrial transfer trend, the labor cost of Shanghai enterprises is high, and the social security burden of SMEs is heavy. The high cost of living in the mega-city has, to a certain extent, curbed the inflow of high-quality talents and restricted the development of high-end industrial models such as headquarters economy. In the introduction of high-end talents, the city’s “Thousand Talents Program” and “Green Channel” mechanisms have played a certain role, but the household registration system needs to be improved in the policy of adding points for settlement, and it is more difficult to add points for economic and legal talents, which is not conducive to the development of foreign trade, finance, business The development of modern service industry such as foreign trade, finance, consulting, etc. There are still some problems in the interface between the household registration system and the residence permit system, and the grassroots departments and clerks have too much discretion in handling the “residence to household” process, which weakens the willingness of middle and high-end talents to settle. In addition, from the perspective of the construction target of the International Trade Center, there is an obvious structural shortage of talents in the city at this stage, with a lack of skilled workers, low salaries and unreasonable assessment mechanisms, which cannot meet the development needs of manufacturing enterprises. 　　

2.6 Business credit system is not sound, and the governance system can hardly meet the development of the four new economies

　　In recent years, Shanghai has made positive progress in the construction of social credit system, especially the construction and opening of the city’s public credit information service platform, which has laid a solid foundation for the public sharing of government public credit information. However, in comparison, the infrastructure of Shanghai’s business integrity system is relatively weak, and the problem of “siloing” and “fragmentation” of market credit information is particularly serious, and the government’s public credit information is basically separated from market credit information.

Therefore, on the one hand, the information support provided for the government department’s supervision is single and lagging behind; on the other hand, it is difficult for market players, especially platform enterprises, to use the government public credit information in their own management in a timely and accurate manner, and the public lacks a fast and convenient channel to obtain comprehensive credit evaluation information about market players.

　　3 Policy Suggestions for Optimizing Business Environment in Shanghai

　　3.1 Optimize the evaluation mechanism of government subsidized projects and establish a business development guidance fund

　　Standardize the enterprise subsidy projects of municipal departments and district and county governments, develop scientific and effective performance evaluation mechanisms for subsidy projects, and engage third parties to participate in performance evaluation. For the overall poor performance of the subsidy project, adjust its use direction and operating mechanism. To gradually reduce the dependence of SMEs on government subsidies, improve the marketability of subsidy projects, and try to provide advice from banks, insurance, trusts and other professional institutions to determine the winning enterprises of subsidy projects.

Establish a business development guidance fund, with the Municipal Commission of Commerce responsible for the formation and management of the fund, in the form of a mother fund with several sub-funds, operated by state-owned or private professional investment institutions, allowing social capital to obtain investment returns on a priority basis, in order to encourage active participation of social capital and improve the leverage ratio of financial funds.

　　3.2 Strengthen the supervision in and after the event, and explore the differentiated development of government departments’ supervisory responsibilities

　　Strengthen the supervision in and afterwards, optimize the supervision process, enrich the supervision means, and distinguish the difference of responsibilities of functional departments with different attributes in supervision. Gradually weaken the responsibilities of the Economic and Information Commission, the Commerce Commission, the Science and Technology Commission, the Development and Reform Commission and other departments in the post-event supervision, so that these departments focus on policy formulation and market access, clarify the scope of authority and responsibility of market supervision departments and the power operation process, eliminate the “blind spots” and “dead ends” in the regulatory process The “blind spots” and “dead ends” in the regulatory process are eliminated.

　　3.3 Improve the open and transparent market access system, focusing on the hidden obstacles in administrative approval

　　In accordance with internationally accepted standards, establish an open and transparent market access system. Based on the experience of Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, within the existing legal framework and taking into account the actual situation of districts and counties, promote the negative list in other districts and counties in Shanghai, and try to extend the scope of the subjects of the negative list to all non-publicly owned enterprises.

Centralize the governance of predecessor administrative approval, publish the list and process of predecessor administrative approval, establish information sharing mechanism between predecessor approval units and comprehensive approval units, and improve the efficiency of administrative approval. Clean up and standardize the internal regulations of window units.

　　3.4 Deepen the reform of business integrity system and make efforts to break the information barrier between government and market

　　Accelerate the construction of business integrity public service platform. Insist on market-oriented and demand-oriented, break the barriers between government public credit information and market credit information and establish interactive sharing mechanism, take the city public credit information service platform as the basis, support the collection and sharing of public credit information and market credit information of government departments, platform enterprises, third-party professional institutions and social organizations, focus on market application, and gradually form a comprehensive credit information platform covering government departments, market-oriented platforms and third-party professional institutions. We will gradually form a comprehensive network of credit information covering government departments, market-based platforms and third-party professional institutions, and gradually establish a regional and comprehensive credit evaluation system covering online and offline enterprises.

　　3.5 Enrich and broaden the financing channels for SMEs and strengthen the role of the government in guarantee-type affairs

　　At present, financing for SMEs in Shanghai is still mainly through banks, and the proportion of financing from non-bank financial institutions and direct financing is low. Therefore, efforts should be made to enrich and broaden the financing channels for SMEs, and commercial banks should be encouraged and guided to formulate special credit plans and implementation details for SMEs.

Support districts and counties to directly issue SME credit subsidies to eligible commercial banks to increase the intensity of policy incentives. The municipal business committee and relevant departments in the district and county should make full use of their subordinate service platforms to strengthen the government’s role in guarantee-type matters and, if necessary, set up government-controlled guarantee companies to support financing for SMEs in the region.

　　3.6 Reduce the human resource cost of enterprises and create a talent depression for entrepreneurship and innovation

　　The high human resource cost and cost of living in mega cities have become one of the bottlenecks limiting the sustainable development of SMEs in Shanghai. Improve the policy of extra points for settlement for fresh students, focusing on adjusting the extra points policy for students in economics and management, law, and literature and history, and treating the publication of academic papers during school as the same as scientific and technological patents.

Strengthen the construction of various types of protected housing and reduce the cost of living. Establish a linkage mechanism between housing construction planning and talent introduction programs, and support districts and counties to establish special housing security programs for high-level and highly skilled talents.

　　3.7 Explore a new policy support system in response to the development trend of the “four new economies

　　Take the pilot and promotion of the negative list as a breakthrough, actively explore a new policy support system in line with the development rules of the “four new economies”, and establish a special risk investment fund for the “four new economies” by the Municipal Commission of Commerce and the relevant departments of the districts and counties to identify and support, on the basis of market-oriented principles A number of new enterprises and new projects that may have a significant impact on the regional economic transformation.

Establishing a “four new economies” parent project bank, planning, reserving and selecting a number of incubator projects in line with the direction of Shanghai’s industrial restructuring to ensure the sustainable development of the “four new economies”. For the traditional commercial projects that are seriously impacted by e-commerce, we should encourage their online and offline integration and gradually promote the virtualization of traditional commerce.

8 Man Office Workstation Work area Furniture and Office Work area Frameworks

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Whenever mentioned later, it will be considered as a Standard Return, and purchaser is liable for return delivering charge + 20% restocking expense.

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Trial discussion on China’s international trade development model and its path

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　　Although China’s international trade guiding ideology is extremely advantageous, but with the change of the world pattern, the increasingly complex foreign trade environment, making foreign trade problems more prominent, such as the over-exploitation of resources, the lack of a strong international economic competitiveness, or increasing trade friction. It is easy to see that the traditional foreign trade guiding ideology has been difficult to meet the actual development of international trade in China. Therefore, at this stage, we must actively explore the current situation of China’s foreign trade development, and targeted selection of suitable development path.

　　The main problems facing China’s international trade

　　(A) reckless development of resources

　　Although China is a major energy country, but because of our national conditions and the special stage of development, making China’s international trade shows the basic characteristics of labor-intensive and resource-processing. The most direct problem of this phenomenon is that natural resources are being exploited indiscriminately, and the area of forested land is decreasing so much that it cannot support the rapid development of foreign trade.

　　(ii) Lack of international competitiveness

　　In the above analysis, it is pointed out that labor-intensive products are the main component of China’s international trade structure. Although China has been paying more and more attention to science and technology in recent years, and has started to increase the proportion of high-tech products, but the dominant position is still labor-intensive products, and in the short term, the phenomenon has not changed. In addition, although China’s exports of high-tech products, however, with independent intellectual property rights are few and far between, especially in technology obviously lags behind the developed countries. Therefore, China does not have a strong competitiveness in the international market.

　　(III) Frequent trade frictions

　　As we all know, China has very rich resources, especially labor resources with intensive, cheap characteristics, which makes the export commodity prices are generally not high, but also a huge impact on the importing countries of similar markets. Because they want to protect their own similar markets, it is often anti-dumping investigations on China, and also for China to develop technical barriers to trade, environmental restrictions. And often restricted products are very competitive advantages, such as agricultural products, shoes and bags, etc., are a large number of China’s exports. Especially in recent years, the EU, Japan and other countries have more stringent restrictions.

　　China’s international trade development model and its path

　　(A) improve the relevant policies of the logistics industry

　　At present, China’s logistics industry related regulations and policies lack of perfection, and even some of the regulations and policies are missing, which requires the relevant departments of the state combined with the actual situation, through scientific and reasonable research to develop perfect regulations and policies, and then ensure the integrity of national logistics regulations, and unified logistics standards under the policy support, and gradually converge with international logistics industry standards, to achieve the standardization of market competition order, fully Improve the service management level of the industry and enterprises. In short, to promote the stable development of the international logistics industry, strengthening the adjustment and improvement of international logistics regulations and policies is the key.

　　(2) Standardize the management of export markets

　　International trade to achieve good development, can not be separated from the support of national policies, but also need to establish the export market intermediary organizations, and give full play to the role of organizational guidance, management and coordination, so as to regulate the management of the export market. On the one hand, China should actively learn from the experience of successful countries, the current foreign export market, not only to develop the corresponding laws and regulations, but also to establish the corresponding intermediary organizations, whose main purpose is to prevent export enterprises from low-price competition, resulting in the same room problems. Therefore, China should also fully learn from this point, and actively establish intermediary organizations to strengthen the management of the export market, and then reasonable supervision and guidance of market prices, to create a normal and fair business competition order and environment, to avoid the phenomenon of low-price competition.

　　(3) Encourage enterprises to innovate independently

　　The acquisition of technology mainly relies on innovation and introduction of these two means, but no matter what means of acquisition, the most important thing is still innovation. When new technology is introduced, enterprises should fully digest the technology and then innovate, which is also the main way for enterprises to master the core technology. From the foreign enterprise level, the purpose of its time-consuming research and development of new technologies is not to transfer to competitors; and from the perspective of foreign governments, to ensure the security of national economic policy, it will often develop corresponding laws and regulations to prevent the transfer of core technology of domestic enterprises. Therefore, to achieve further development, our government and enterprises must strengthen the innovation and mastery of core technologies, which is also the key to enhance national competitiveness. In fact, international competition is the competition of scientific and technological innovation strength. In recent years, China has been expanding the depth and breadth of international competition participation, making more countries began to limit the export of technology to China, but also highlights the weakness of China’s industrial innovation capacity and other phenomena, seriously detrimental to improving international competitiveness. Therefore, only by continuously improving the ability of independent innovation and focusing on breaking through key technologies, the international competitiveness of enterprises can be enhanced, and then win a more desirable development.

　　(D) Other related strategies

　　On the one hand, the problem of international trade imbalance should be given full attention. Although China should actively achieve diversified exports, and actively introduce high-tech and various advanced raw materials to ensure that the domestic market is satisfied at the same time, to promote the stable development of the national economy. In other words, for the development potential of the market to deepen the development, especially for countries with trade surpluses can increase exports, and combined with the actual needs of the domestic market, etc., to strengthen the introduction of new technologies, new raw materials, so as to promote the upgrading of industrial structure and enhance the international competitiveness of the country; on the other hand, the export products with competitive advantages vigorously developed. In recent years, the rapid development of the world economy has improved the level of consumption, but also changed the concept of consumption and people’s demand for goods. Therefore, China’s enterprises to be invincible in the international market, it is necessary to introduce foreign advanced science and technology, through the combination of traditional industries and high-tech means to achieve the purpose of improving the strengths and avoiding weaknesses. In addition, we should also focus on scientific and technological development, increase investment in scientific research, and actively develop new products to enhance the non-price competitiveness of export products in the international market. At the same time, we also need to enhance the awareness of standardization, in other words, our enterprises should strengthen the application of international standards, the actual situation of enterprises fully combined with ISO9000 and other management standards, in order to develop a suitable management model for enterprises, from the system to provide protection for product quality, to promote the enterprise can be invincible in the international market.

　　Conclusion

　　On the whole, although China’s foreign trade has been strengthened, the scale of exports is unprecedented expansion, but in essence, the gains are very small.

Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the foreign trade situation, grasp the development opportunities, the export products with advantages to vigorously develop, and actively broaden the development space to stabilize the status of a large trading country.

But also to fully estimate the severity and complexity of the situation, the correct treatment of the shortcomings in the development of foreign trade, and constantly improve the implementation of relevant policy measures to enhance the effectiveness and relevance of the policy, so as to promote the sustainable development of international trade.

International Comparison and Analysis of Employment Skill Structure Based on International Trade Perspective

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　　Introduction

　　Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and professor of Tsinghua University, Liu Baicheng, proposed in his five-point proposal for building a strong manufacturing country that building a strong manufacturing country is inseparable from the cultivation of innovative talents. We not only need leading talents, but also a large number of skilled craftsmen team, one cannot be missing. By making a brief sorting of the relevant studies of scholars, the author found that there are few scholars who have studied the skill structure of employment in a country, among which there are employment involving major industries and employment in different regions as research objects, while from the viewpoint of skill structure, there are employment involving low-skilled labor, high- and medium-low-skilled employment and high- and low-skilled labor.

However, despite the richness of research in the field of domestic employment in recent years, there are still areas that need further improvement: on the one hand, there is little literature on the study of domestic employment structure that provides a systematic analysis of China’s employment structure; on the other hand, there is less in the domestic literature that analyzes the gaps in China’s employment structure from an international perspective.

　　Therefore, in this paper, the author will talk about how far is the road to 2025 China’s manufacturing power from the perspective of employment skill structure?

Based on the labor input data provided by the socio-economic accounts in the World Input-Output Database, this paper uses the corresponding decomposition method to split the labor input data into three major categories: high-skilled employed population, medium-skilled employed population and low-skilled employed population; and takes four BRIC countries (Brazil, China, Russia and India) and four developed countries (the United States, Germany, South Korea and Japan) as the research objects. We compare and analyze the employment skill structure among international countries from 1995 to 2009, and finally combine the findings of the study to propose inspirational suggestions for China to achieve the 2025 manufacturing power.

　　Overview of the employment skill structure of each country

　　The skilled labor structure used in this paper adopts the classification of these three types of skilled labor from WIOD’s socio-economic accounts table, i.e., the low-skilled labor force is defined as the labor force that has only received less than second-stage basic education, and the middle-skilled labor force is defined as the labor force that has received second-stage basic education but not higher education. High-skilled labor is defined as labor with higher education and beyond.

　　First, let us look at a few representative newly industrialized countries: In the case of Brazil, in terms of the share of various skills in total employment, the structure of employment by skill changed significantly from 1995 to 2009, with a “skewed X” structure between the middle-skilled labor force and the low-skilled labor force, with 2006 being a watershed year. The year 2006 was a watershed year, when the low-skilled labor force dominated and then declined, while the middle-skilled labor force showed the opposite trend.

Meanwhile, the analysis of the data on the share of high-skilled labor force shows a general upward trend during this period; in the case of China, the overall structure of employment by skills did not change much during the same period, with the low-skilled labor force dominating, followed by the medium-skilled labor force, and finally the high-skilled labor force.

In the case of Russia, in general, the middle-skilled labor force is absolutely dominant, and the sub-skilled employment structure is also in a “two-stage” pattern during this period: in the first stage (1995-2005), the pattern of the skilled employment structure changed a lot. In 1995, the shares of high-skilled and low-skilled labor force were about the same, and then the share of low-skilled labor force declined while the share of high-skilled labor force continued to increase. 2005-2009), the structure of the skilled labor force in Russia has basically maintained a relatively stable pattern.

In the case of India, in terms of the share of various skills in total employment, the sub-skill employment structure has remained relatively stable over the period: the low-skilled labor force dominates, followed by the medium-skilled labor force, and finally the high-skilled labor force, and its skill employment structure also follows a “two-stage” pattern: the first stage （The first stage (1995-2003) is relatively significant, and the second stage (2003-2009) maintains a relatively stable pattern of skilled labor force.

　　Secondly, let’s analyze some representative developed countries: in the case of the United States, its skill-based employment structure remained relatively stable during this period, i.e., the middle-skilled labor force dominated, followed by the high-skilled labor force, and finally the low-skilled labor force; from the trend diagram of its skill-based employment structure, it shows a “Z The trend diagram of its skill employment structure shows a general “Z” shape, with the share of high-skilled labor increasing while the share of medium-skilled labor and low-skilled labor continues to decline slightly.

In the case of Germany, the overall structure of employment by skills has remained relatively stable over the period, with the middle-skilled labor force dominating, followed by the high-skilled labor force, and finally the low-skilled labor force. In terms of trends, the share of high-skilled labor has been on the rise while the share of middle-skilled and low-skilled labor has been declining slightly.

In the case of Japan, its medium-skilled labor force is absolutely dominant in this period. In terms of weight pattern, its sub-skill employment structure is also in a “two-stage” pattern: in the first stage (1995-2004), the pattern of skill employment structure changed significantly. For the proportion of high-skilled labor force and low-skilled labor force, the overall proportion of high-skilled labor force and low-skilled labor force are in the shape of “horizontal V”, and the proportion of high-skilled labor force and low-skilled labor force are similar in 1995, and then the proportion of low-skilled labor force declines rapidly while the proportion of high-skilled labor force continues to rise. 2009), the structure of its skilled labor force basically maintained a relatively stable pattern.

In the case of Korea, the structure of its employment by skill has changed a lot during this period, and the structure of its high- and middle-skilled labor force is in the shape of an “X”. 2002 was a watershed year, before which the middle-skilled labor force was in the dominant position, and then continued to decline, while at the same time, the high-skilled labor force showed the opposite trend. In general, high-skilled and middle-skilled labor force has been dominating the Korean labor force, and the proportion of high-skilled labor force has been increasing year by year, and there is a “two-stage” pattern in general: in the first stage (1995-2005), the pattern of employment structure by skill has changed a lot, while in the second stage (2005-2009), the pattern of employment structure by skill has remained relatively stable. In the second stage (2005-2009), the structure of employment by skill remained relatively stable.

　　International Comparison of Employment Skill Structure

　　Compared with the newly industrialized Brazil, Russia and India, what is the level of China’s labor force’s employment skills? What is the gap between China’s labor force skills and those of developed countries (the United States, Germany, Japan and Korea)? This question will be answered in detail. 　　

First, when comparing the newly industrialized countries, China has the largest labor supply in terms of both low-skilled, medium-skilled, and high-skilled. Excluding the size factor, the shares of high-, medium-, and low-skill employment in these four countries in 2009 were: 37.4%: 45.7%: 16.9% for Brazil, 62.1%: 31.4%: 6.5% for China, 6.2%: 79.8%: 14.1% for Russia, and 63.1%: 29.4%: 7.4% for India. Among them, the skill structure of employment in China and India is very similar, and the process of change in the skill structure of employment in China and India is extremely similar when combined with the data of 1995 and 2004, but from the analysis of the overall trend of each country mentioned above, it is clear that the skill pattern of employment in India is basically in a stable situation since 2003: 63.1% (low-skilled labor force), 29.4% (medium-skilled Unlike China, where the share of low-skilled labor has been declining along with the rising share of middle-skilled labor and high-skilled labor. Therefore, from this perspective, China’s employment skill structure is in a process of continuous optimization.

At the same time, Russia is a special case among newly industrialized countries, where the share of its medium-skilled labor force is as high as 79.8% (2009), which is not only higher than the other three BRICS countries, but also higher than the developed countries covered in this paper (the United States, Germany, Japan, and South Korea), which is not unrelated to Russia’s decades of hard work and strong government measures in education. Therefore, the difference in the skill structure level of employment in BRICS countries also reflects another perspective that China and India are relatively more dependent on low-skilled labor products under the general trend of global economy, in other words, from the perspective of global value chain, China and India are still in locking at the lower end to provide low-skilled products production.

　　Secondly, from the comparison of developed countries, the skilled labor force in the U.S., Germany, Japan and Korea are all dominated by middle and high level labor force. the proportion of high, middle and low skilled employment in these four countries in 2009 are: 8.5%: 56.9%: 34.5% in the U.S., 14.3%: 58.0%: 27.7% in Germany, 7.7%: 66.0%: 26.3% in Japan and Korea was 9.4%: 42.4%: 48.3%. Excluding the effect of size, Korea is unique in that it has the highest share of high-skilled labor force and the share of high-skilled labor force has exceeded the share of middle-skilled labor force within Korea, while the U.S., Germany and Japan are still dominated by middle-skilled labor force.

　　Thus, in terms of China’s skilled labor force ratio: 72.4%: 25.3%: 2.3% (1995), 66%: 29.5%: 4.5% (2004), 62.1%: 31.4%: 6.5% (2009), although it is in a process of optimization in terms of pattern, it is not very satisfactory in terms of the speed of optimization, and in the selected In the BRICS sample selected for this paper, the speed of optimization is only slightly higher than that of India. In terms of the gap of skilled labor force, as mentioned above, among the four BRIC countries selected in this paper, China is only higher than India, and the gap with Russia is larger; meanwhile, comparing with the data of developed countries, we find that China needs to deepen the structural optimization of labor force skills.

　　Policy Recommendations

　　From the above analysis of the data of the four newly industrialized countries and the four developed countries selected in this paper, the current situation of China’s employment skill pattern still has more room for optimization, and the author’s policy recommendations are as follows.

　　1. Governments at all levels should promote the optimization of employment skill structure from both domestic and external demand perspectives according to the strategic plan of China 2025 manufacturing power.

　　2. It can be inferred from the data analysis in this paper that China is still locked at the bottom of the global value chain as reflected by the current status of China’s employment structure.

This dilemma is not conducive to the realization of China’s 2025 manufacturing power, nor is it conducive to the further optimization of the employment structure. Therefore, on the one hand, government departments should adopt various incentives to encourage enterprises to innovate in technology; on the other hand, the government should strengthen its investment in public education, implement active labor market policies, and guide enterprises to improve the skills of their employees through employee training.

　　3. In terms of the trade effect of international trade, we need to think about how to make use of the international trade spillover effect to improve the skill structure of our labor force.

An introduction to the risks and prevention of letter of credit payments in international trade

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The main risks of the buyer and seller under the letter of credit payment method

(A) the risks of the buyer in the process of payment by letter of credit

  1. Letter of credit fraud

Credit fraud is one of the common phenomena in the payment of international trade, generally occurs mainly in the buyer, resulting in the seller bears a huge loss. To reduce the phenomenon of international trade payment due to credit problems that lead to huge losses to the other party, it is necessary to further strengthen the management of letters of credit and strict enforcement based on the current situation, in order to maximize the loss of trust enterprises or individuals excluded from the international trade, to maintain a good environment for international trade. At the same time, if the bank does not ask about the authenticity of the documents on the surface, and pays based on the same data alone, then the wrongdoers can create false documents to obtain money from the bank. At the same time, because the cost of using letters of credit for fraud is relatively small, the risk is also small, but the gain is relatively large, so the use of letters of credit for fraud in the international are seen to grow, which is also one of the important factors leading to the deterioration of the international trade environment.

  1. Risk in the issuance stage

One of them is that the contract is cancelled due to the delay of the opening date. For the consideration of their own interests, exporters in the opening of the letter of credit will be made to delay the opening of the letter of credit or not open the letter of credit and other phenomena. Especially when the exchange rate changes a lot, the exporter to avoid the growth of the exchange rate and the decline in their own earnings and make the delay in the opening of the certificate or not to open the behavior, and then force the bank to cancel the contract. Because according to the law, the first day of the contracted shipment date is the best date to open the certificate, but the seller can only determine the month of shipment, most of them can not determine the specific day of shipment. If the buyer does not prepare the letter of credit on the first day of shipment, the bank will not be able to pay, and the seller naturally will not make the shipment; secondly, according to the law, the contract must be effective and the letter of credit issued by the buyer must be consistent with the contract, otherwise the contract will not be effective, that is, the interests of both parties cannot be protected. When there is no special provision in the contract, it is generally executed in accordance with the conventional practice, that is, in accordance with UPC500, which means that the buyer cannot set other additional conditions in the process of opening the letter of credit for settlement, which will not only be rejected by the seller but also may face claims from the other party.

(B) The main risks of seller under L/C payment method

  1. The importing party does not open the L/C according to the contract

In principle, the contract signed by both parties should be consistent with the terms of the letter of credit, but in the specific operation process there are various factors that lead to the importing party does not open the letter of credit in accordance with the rules, the contract can not be properly implemented, so that the exporting party suffered huge losses. On the one hand, due to the rapidly changing market information, all parties may face the pressure to achieve changes, especially the import side of the pressure is greater, for this reason, the import may not strictly follow the contract to open a letter of credit or not open a letter of credit, etc.; on the other hand, the import side to maximize their own interests and minimize the risk of international trade and request changes in the terms of the contract. In order to achieve this purpose, the importing party is likely to request the addition of annex clauses in the letter of credit to benefit its own interests, which will cause difficulties in implementation for the other party, and even end up suffering huge losses.

  1. The importing party deliberately sets up obstacles

Driven by the interests, the importing party will take advantage of the seriousness of the contract and the strictness of the L/C to add additional clauses in order to cause difficulties to the other party in contract performance. For example, adding ambiguous clauses, adding clauses that are contrary to the contractual agreement, adding misspellings on purpose, etc.

  1. Alteration of L/C for fraud

Since the letter of credit is the key element of contract execution and payment, it is easy to be used by the importing party to achieve their own purposes. The most common is the use of expired letters of credit for alteration, in order to cheat the other party’s goods, when the only way for the exporters to screen them is to rely on professionals or banks.

  1. The importer obtains the letter of credit through illegal means

The importer obtains the blank letter of credit from the bank by illegal means, or makes a fake letter of credit illegally by colluding with the bank staff, etc. and gives it to the exporter, if the exporter is negligent and does not find it, it will cause huge losses.

  1. Requirement of separate instruction for L/C to be effective

If the contract terms do not clearly specify the delivery date, shipment date, samples approved by inspection, etc., especially if the above date is to be notified before implementation, it is very likely that the final transaction will be aborted due to untimely notification or no notification, resulting in huge losses to the seller.

Preventive measures for transaction risks under letter of credit payment method

(A) Trade cooperation when carefully choose the object of the transaction

Whether it is international trade or domestic trade, the credibility of the two sides of the transaction is crucial, and the level of credibility directly affects the security of the transaction. For both parties, in order to protect their legitimate interests in the transaction process should not be easy to sign a contract and should be investigated in advance on the basic situation of the other party to understand whether the other party has a good reputation, especially whether there is a breach of contract. When it is determined that the other party has a good reputation, then the next step of contract signing and specific transactions.

(B) set different certificate requirements for the provisional payment terms of the letter of credit

In international trade, due to the difference of goods specifications or transaction types, banks have different requirements in the letter of credit? In this regard, both parties to the transaction should apply to the bank to put forward specific requirements for various types of certificates according to the specific conditions of the actual transaction and require both parties to strictly implement them based on the purpose of protecting the interests of both parties and minimizing transaction risks. At the same time, the buyer can also request the seller to provide the certificate issued by the professional quality inspection agency in the temporary delivery terms to protect their own interests.

(C) Strictly examine the various documents issued

For the buyer, the seller is often encountered in the documentary forgery and once the review is not, the loss caused is greater; conversely, for the seller, the buyer may also be in the documentary or documentary forgery, the loss suffered is also huge. For this reason, for both sides, in the transaction process to do the following two things: first, strictly follow the contract agreement to develop all kinds of documents; second, according to the contractual content and the actual transaction of all kinds of information in the documents to strictly check, in order to avoid the occurrence of document forgery phenomenon found. Finally, if the documents are found to be falsified, the transaction should be stopped in time, and the other party should be held responsible according to the legal provisions.

Research on the optimization of China’s agricultural import and export trade structure

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Introduction

　　In 2009, the total import and export of agricultural products in China was 92.129 billion U.S. dollars, while in 2019, the total import and export of agricultural products in China has reached 230.068 billion U.S. dollars, and China has become the world’s largest importer of agricultural products, with the import amount accounting for more than 10% of the total global agricultural trade, and the trend is increasing year by year. As the most important producer and importer of agricultural products in the international market, China’s influence on the international agricultural market will become stronger and stronger.

　　At the time of rapid growth of China’s agricultural imports and exports, the trade structure of China’s agricultural products is also gradually changing, gradually developing in the direction of land-intensive agricultural imports and labor-intensive agricultural exports. This change of trade structure means that the trade structure of China’s agricultural products import and export is gradually optimized on the one hand, and on the other hand, because of the excessive concentration of exports, China’s agricultural products have been subjected to the most serious anti-dumping, countervailing and trade barriers. At the same time, the increasing import of agricultural products will also affect the problem of food security in China, and once the safety of agricultural products occurs, it will definitely affect the stability of the daily life of our residents.

　　Therefore, the optimization of the import and export trade structure of agricultural products is an urgent problem for China. The optimization of agricultural trade structure is not only related to the competitiveness of China’s agricultural products in the international market, but also related to the orderly development of the international agricultural market, the protection of domestic food security and social stability. Before optimizing the import and export trade structure of agricultural products, it is necessary to recognize the essence of trade structure optimization, that is, its connotation, in order to help discover the constraints in the optimization process, so as to put forward targeted optimization measures.

Connotation of the optimization of China’s agricultural import and export trade structure

　　The connotation of trade structure optimization, which can also be called the essence of trade structure optimization, is to provide services for the stable development of social economy. And the ultimate goal of optimization should be beneficial to the long-term stable growth of our economy, thus contributing to the stable development of society, so the connotation of trade structure optimization contains the following four points.

　　(1) Promote the optimal allocation of resources

　　Each country has its unique advantages, and the theory of comparative advantage points out that countries with absolute advantages should use more resources to produce goods with large advantages, while countries in absolute disadvantage should use resources to produce goods with small disadvantages, and exchange goods with international trade to gain comparative advantages. The theory of comparative advantage reflects the possibility of gain for the country, which can be achieved only through international trade. The trade structure reflects the proportion and position of each commodity in the country’s foreign trade over a period of time, and only when the trade structure matches the country’s comparative advantage, it is possible for the country to seek more benefits in international trade. Therefore, the optimization of China’s agricultural import and export trade structure can be built on the basis of China’s comparative advantage, increasing the export of agricultural products with abundant production factors and importing agricultural products with scarce production factors, so as to enhance the optimal allocation of China’s agricultural resources.

　　(2) Reduce trade friction

　　In recent years, due to the U.S. government’s violation of the world’s multilateral trade development trend and forcing other countries to implement unilateral trade, China has been subjected to more and more serious trade barriers. From the perspective of specific commodity attributes, the vast majority of these agricultural products are labor-intensive goods, and such goods are the advantages of China’s exports. The elasticity of demand for labor-intensive goods is usually relatively large, and the quantity of exports is also extremely vulnerable to price factors, making China’s agricultural products are easily replaced by products from other countries within the time of the investigation. China suffers from unreasonable trade barriers, on the one hand, because of the unsound international trade rules, the U.S. hegemony and other aspects, on the other hand, because China’s commodity exports are too concentrated, the trade structure is unreasonable and other reasons. Therefore, the optimization of the trade structure of China’s agricultural imports and exports can, to a certain extent, alleviate the current problems of over-concentration of exports and over-dependence on imports of some countries’ commodities.

　　(3) Promote the optimization of agricultural industry structure

　　The optimization of industrial structure is often affected by the trade structure, so before China’s industrial optimization of agriculture, it should first optimize the trade structure of agricultural products and invest more resources in deep processing agriculture and scientific and technological agriculture, so that the trade structure of agricultural products will be ahead of the industrial structure of agriculture, thus driving the optimization of the industrial structure of agriculture. By optimizing the proportional relationship between various agricultural sectors, production items and individual products, more resources are allocated to the production of labor-intensive agricultural products, especially those with high added value, so as to break the bottleneck of domestic demand for such agricultural products and make up for the current lack of resources invested in scientific and technological added agricultural products, thus contributing to the optimization of the agricultural import and export trade structure and promoting the optimization of the agricultural This is conducive to the optimization of the import and export trade structure of agricultural products and the optimization and adjustment of the industrial structure.

　　(4) Help to solve the food problem

　　China’s population has exceeded 1.4 billion, making it a large population country. How to ensure the food problem of more than 1.4 billion people in China will directly affect the stable development of China’s social economy. When optimizing the import and export trade structure of agricultural products, China should not only consider how to realize its own comparative advantage, so as to drive the manufacture and export of labor-intensive and high-efficiency economic agricultural products, and encourage the import of food crops with relatively scarce production factors, so as to achieve the optimal allocation of resources. At the same time, we should also ensure a certain level of food self-sufficiency through active policy-oriented role, and scientifically adjust the proportion of different kinds of agricultural products in trade, so as to ensure the safety and economic efficiency of China’s food production.

Factors affecting the optimization of China’s agricultural import and export trade structure

　　(1) Small scale of agricultural production

　　To optimize the trade structure of agricultural import and export, it is necessary to constantly carry out the dynamic adjustment of the stage of the task. The trade dynamics of a country’s economic development affects the way and purpose of optimizing its trade structure at different stages. In order to optimize the import and export trade structure of agricultural products, China should first analyze the advantages that China’s agricultural products have at this stage and make use of the advantages of existing production factors to optimize the allocation of resources, followed by the development in the direction of science and technology and technology. China’s current agricultural production is still dominated by small-scale production, the impact of this characteristic on the optimization of trade structure in the following two aspects.

　　First, small-scale production is difficult to form industrial clusters. China’s current form of agricultural production is still dominated by family-based production, this decentralized production model makes the transportation costs of agricultural products greatly increased. This small-scale agricultural production model on the one hand affects the aggregation of agricultural industries, on the other hand, affects the competitiveness of agricultural prices in the international market. Second, small-scale production hinders the accumulation of agricultural capital. The developmental inputs in agriculture often come from the state and agricultural producers, while small-scale family farmers have a relatively weak ability to resist risks and low economic strength. The lack of large amounts of capital investment in agricultural production will inevitably result in reduced benefits, which, together with the lack of financial support from government departments, leads to low motivation of individual farmers in agricultural production and affects the accumulation of capital.

　　(2) Backward concept of food security

　　Because of the general improvement of the residents’ daily life, the demand for food rations in China is decreasing, while the amount of food used in breeding, brewing and other deep processing industries is increasing significantly. However, the relevant domestic policies do not match the changes in social demand in a timely manner, resulting in large deviations in the domestic food supply and demand structure, making the net import of food is rigid growth, and the domestic food market is more susceptible to the influence of the international market. And in recent years by the influence of factors such as Sino-US trade frictions and large fluctuations in international energy prices, the price of food in the international market tends to be more volatile. This has led to unstable returns for farmers growing food, and has brought huge risks to the deep processing industry of agricultural products. This forces the government to tilt more fiscal spending toward agriculture, thus stabilizing the domestic food market.

　　(3) Lack of pricing power for agricultural products

　　Because of the low price elasticity of agricultural products, the pricing power of agricultural products is crucial for a country, and countries with the pricing power are often at the core of agricultural trade. The main reason for China’s lack of pricing power is the structure of China’s agricultural industry, especially the lack of control ability of the agricultural industry chain by most of the enterprises in China. When a large number of foreign investors enter China’s agricultural sector, their business scope will be extended to all aspects of the agricultural industry chain. On the one hand, foreign enterprises use the international market to manipulate food prices and increase the production and operation costs of local food processing enterprises in China; on the other hand, they use the advantages of capital and science and technology to compress the living space of domestic small and medium-sized enterprises and manipulate the upstream and downstream enterprises of food, thus leading to the loss of pricing power of agricultural products in China.

Suggestions for optimization of China’s agricultural import and export trade structure

　　(1) Improve the organization of production and management subjects

　　The improvement of organization of agricultural production and management subjects is conducive to optimizing the trade structure of China’s agricultural products import and export and enhancing the competitiveness of China’s agricultural products in the international market. On the one hand, it is possible to adopt the joint operation mode of enterprises and farmers, and integrate the scattered farmers into the integrated supply chain of production, processing and sales, so as to form a large-scale and professional production and operation mode; on the other hand, it is possible to encourage the capable farmers to take the lead to form joint farms with shares and establish a modern enterprise system, and through the capital of farmers’ contracted mountains, forests and farmlands, it is possible to improve the organization of agricultural production and management. On the other hand, we can encourage farmers with the ability to take the lead to form joint farms with shares, establish a modern enterprise system, and through the capital of farmers’ contracted mountains, forests and agricultural land into shares, so as to realize the large-scale development of fields, mountains, forests and waters, and eventually form a scale economy, and obtain more income, and then share dividends according to the shares of each farmer, the income obtained by each farmer is far greater than the income brought by decentralized operation.

　　(2) Cultivating a new concept of food security

　　Before optimizing the trade structure, it is necessary to change the current concept of food security and treat the self-sufficiency rate of food reasonably. Excessive pursuit of the self-sufficiency rate of food not only leads to high financial costs of food production, but also causes problems such as over-exploitation of land, which is not conducive to the long-term development of China’s agriculture. Therefore, the new concept of food security should make reasonable use of international markets and international resources to minimize the contradiction between the supply side and the demand side in domestic food production, while ensuring the basic policy of food production. In the international trade of agricultural products, China should also pay attention to prevent the excessive concentration of agricultural trade partners, so as to avoid the situation of being constrained by others, for example, we can take advantage of the opportunity of developing “One Belt and One Road” and sign multilateral trade agreements with the neighboring countries of “One Belt and One Road”. For example, we can make use of the opportunity of developing “One Belt and One Road” to sign multilateral trade agreements with neighboring countries of “One Belt and One Road” and establish trade cooperation with more countries, so as to spread out the trading partners of agricultural products as much as possible, thus spreading the food risk to the minimum.

　　(3) Optimize the quality of agricultural products

　　Improving the quality of domestic agricultural products, especially the quality of deep-processed agricultural products, is beneficial to the optimization of trade structure. Our government should play a leading role, give full play to the scientific research power of agricultural research institutes, and combine scientific research with production practice; increase the introduction of advanced agricultural technologies such as breeding and improvement of varieties; improve the current inspection system of agricultural products, increase the inspection of all aspects of agricultural production, ensure the quality of commodities in each link, and avoid the situation of sales return due to quality problems; establish an agricultural products Establish a quality evaluation system for agricultural products to evaluate the quality of agricultural products and eliminate those with poor quality.

How Filter Plates and Cloths Contribute to Primary Wastewater Treatment

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Channel plates and fabrics are the essential parts of a machine called a channel press. These adaptable bits of gear have been being used since the 1800s, however were for the most part used to make mud. As of now, they effectively separate fluids from solids for the mining, food, and drug ventures, yet their chief use is inside wastewater treatment plants. Here we will depict the treatment of wastewater and afterward separate the particular job that channel plates and materials play in that cycle.

An Overview of Why and How Wastewater Is Treated

Wastewater is characterized as a liquid, which contains broke up and suspended solids that is ousted from ranches, manufacturing plants, and homes. Wastewater might try and be viewed as contaminated in the event that it conveys synthetic substances, modern waste, or poisons. In light of the potential damage wastewater can cause, it should be treated prior to being delivered once more into the climate to participate in the water cycle. Now and again, wastewater might try and be treated for the express reason for reuse.

There are three moves toward in general treatment that most wastewater treatment plants perform on fluids prior to permitting their re-discharge or reuse. These means are essential treatment, optional treatment, and tertiary treatment. While the last option steps include the utilization of natural organic entities or synthetic compounds separating matter filter plate that can’t be stressed from the water, essential treatment includes the evacuation of strong silt in the wastewater through the channel press.

How the Filter Press Facilitates the Primary Treatment of Wastewater

In activity, slurry (the mix of fluids and solids) is siphoned under tension into the machine. A moving part holds a few channel plates together utilizing a water driven framework. The channel plates contain material focuses that go about as strainers.

As the slurry goes through the plates, the fluid piece goes through these sifters and the solids are abandoned to frame what are known as “cakes.” Depending on their creation, wastewater cakes are then disposed of, or they move onto additional handling that consolidate wash mixers, warming, vacuum, and air, so they can be securely discarded in landfills.

Among various kinds of presses that are equipped for taking care of the treatment cycle, the plan utilizing channel plates and fabrics stays the most central and productive. The capacity of the hardware is undisputed, as these machines can eliminate as much as the vast majority of strong byproducts and slime from liquid. The utilization of these presses speeds up the general treatment process, and furthermore diminishes the “biochemical oxygen interest” or “Body” of the liquid, meaning how much oxygen polished off by microorganisms separating the natural waste in the water (optional treatment). For this large number of reasons and that’s just the beginning, the almost 200-year-old innovation is currently a pillar of the wastewater treatment industry.